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1887

Glossary

 

2Dtwo-dimensional
3Dthree-dimensional
3D-ECT3-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography
a-Siamorphous silicon
a-Si:Hhydrogenated amorphous silicon
AAascorbic acid
AASatomic absorption spectrometry
ABSSaqueous biphasic solvent system
ACalternating current
acacacetylacetonate
ADNCautomated direct nucleation control
AELalkaline electrolyser
AEManion-exchange membrane 
AESAuger electron spectroscopy
AFCalkaline fuel cell
AFMatomic force microscopy
ALDatomic layer deposition
AMLCDactive-matrix liquid-crystal display
AP-XPSambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
APIactive pharmaceutical ingredient
APPESambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy
APTatom probe tomography
at%atomic per cent
atmatmosphere
ATRautothermal reforming
ATR-FTIRattenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared
ATR-UVattenuated total reflectance ultraviolet
AZOaluminium-doped zinc oxide
bccbody-centred cubic
BETBrunauer, Emmett and Teller
BINAP2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl
bipybipyridine
BMEPbrake mean effective pressure
Bnbenzyl
BOCbutoxycarbonyl
BPMbipolar membrane 
BSBharat Stage
BSEbackscattered electron
BSFCbrake specific fuel consumption
BTEbrake thermal efficiency
BTEXbenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
BTXbenzene, toluene and xylene
Bzbenzoyl
c-EGRcooled exhaust gas recirculation
CADcomputer aided design
CALPHADcalculation of phase diagrams
CAPEXcapital expenditure
CARBCalifornia Air Resources Board
CCCcounter-current chromatography
CCDcharge coupled device
CCScarbon capture and storage
CCUcarbon capture and utilisation
CCUScarbon capture, utilisation and storage
CDCcontinuous direct compression
CFconformity factor
CFDcomputational fluid dynamics
CHPcombined heat and power
CIcetane index; confidence interval
CIDNPchemically induced dynamic nuclear polarisation
CIJRconfined impinging jets reactor
CMcross metathesis
CMCcarboxymethyl cellulose
CMOScomplementary metal-oxide semiconductor
CNcetane number
CNTcarbon nanotube
CO-TPDcarbon monoxide temperature-programmed desorption
CO2ecarbon dioxide equivalents
codcycloocta-1,5-diene
CP-MAScross polarisation-magic angle spinning
CPCcentrifugal partition chromatography
CPPcritical process parameters
CRcombined reforming, with steam methane reforming and autothermal reforming; compression ratio
CRGOchemically reduced graphene oxide
CSFcatalysed soot filter
CTcomputed tomography
CTEcoefficient of thermal expansion
CTEMconventional transmission electron microscopy
CVcyclic voltammetry
CVDchemical vapour deposition
CXTcomputed X-ray tomography
DAdopamine
dbadibenzylideneacetone
DBFCdirect borohydride fuel cell
DBN1,5-diazabicyclo[5.3.0]non-5-ene
DBU1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
DCdirect current
DEFCdirect ethanol fuel cell
DEMdiscrete element method
DFTdensity functional theory
DIOP2,3-O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane
DLSdynamic light scattering
DMAdimethylacetamide
DMAP4-dimethylaminopyridine
DMEdimethoxyethane
DMFN,N-dimethylformamide
DMFCdirect methanol fuel cell
DMSOdimethyl sulfoxide
DOCdiesel oxidation catalyst
DoDdrop on demand
DOIDigital Object Identifier
DOSdensity of states 
DPFdiesel particulate filter
DPHdispersion hardening
dppf1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene
drdiastereomeric ratio
DRAMdynamic random access memory
DRIFTSdiffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
DSCdifferential scanning calorimetry
DSSCdye-sensitised solar cell
DTAdifferential thermal analysis
DtBPF1,1ʹ-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene
EBIDelectron beam induced deposition
ECelectrocatalyst; ethylene carbonate
ECVTelectrical capacitance volume tomography
EDSenergy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
EDXenergy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
eeenantiomeric excess
EELSelectron energy loss spectroscopy
EIemissions index
emfelectromotive force
EMPAelectron microprobe analysis
EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency
EPMAelectron probe microanalysis
EPRelectron paramagnetic resonance
ERGOelectrochemically reduced graphene oxide
ESCAelectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
ESRelectron spin resonance
Etethyl
EtOHethanol
EUDCExtra-Urban Drive Cycle
EVelectric vehicle
EXAFSextended X-ray absorption fine structure
FAfurfuryl alcohol
FBRMfocused beam reflectance measurement
FCfuel cell
fccface-centred cubic
FCCfluidised catalytic cracking
FCNTfuel-cut NOx trap
FEMfield emission spectroscopy
FIBfocused ion beam
FIDflame ionisation detector
FSFTfield sweep Fourier transform
FSPflame spray pyrolysis
FTIRFourier transform infrared
FTPFederal Test Procedure
ggram
GBLγ-butyrolactone
GCgas chromatography
GC-MSgas chromatography-mass spectrometry
GCEglassy carbon electrode
GDCIgasoline direct injection compression ignition
GDEgas diffusion electrode 
GDIgasoline direct injection
GDLgas diffusion layer
GHGgreenhouse gas
GHRgas heated reforming
GHSVgas hourly space velocity
GNDAgraphene nanodots array
GOgraphene oxide
GPFgasoline particulate filter
GQDgraphene quantum dots
GrFgraphene foam
GSgraphene sheet
GVLγ-valerolactone
GZOgallium-doped zinc oxide
hhour
HAADF−STEMhigh-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy 
HAMRheat-assisted magnetic recording
HAXPEShard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
HChydrocarbon
HCCIhomogeneous charge compression ignition
hcphexagonal close-packed
HDheavy duty
HDAhydrodearomatisation
HDDhard disk drive; heavy-duty diesel
HDNhydrodenitrogenation
HDOhydrodeoxygenation
HDShydrodesulfurisation
HERhydrogen evolution reaction 
HEVhybrid electric vehicle
HIPhot isostatic pressing
HMF5-hydroxymethylfurfural
HPAheteropoly acids
HPLChigh-performance liquid chromatography
HR-SEMhigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy
HR-TEMhigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy
HREELShigh-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy
HRXRDhigh-resolution X-ray diffraction 
HTWGShigh temperature water gas shift
HwFETHighway Fuel Economy Test
ICinternal combustion
ICEinternal combustion engine
ICP-MSinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICP-OESinductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
ICPESinductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry
IDinternal diameter
IETSinelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy
IFPBTiterative filtered back projection technique
IgGimmunoglobulin G
ILionic liquids
ILBPiterative linear back projection
INSinelastic neutron scattering
IRinfrared
ISSion scattering spectroscopy
ITOindium tin oxide
IXSinelastic X-ray scattering
JMJohnson Matthey
JMTCJohnson Matthey Technology Centre
kgkilogram
L-DOPAL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
LAlevulinic acid
laserlight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
LBPlinear back projection
LCAlife cycle assessment
LCDliquid crystal display
LCFSlow carbon fuel standard
LCOlight cycle oil
LDlight-duty
LDAlithium diisopropylamide
LEClight-emitting electrochemical cell
LEDlight-emitting diode
LEEDlow-energy electron diffraction
LEVlow emission vehicle
LFPlithium iron phosphate
LHSVliquid hourly space velocity
LIBLithium-ion battery
LLEliquid-liquid extraction
LLZOLi7La3Zr2O12
LMRlongitudinal magnetic recording
LNTlean NOx trap
LTGCIlow-temperature gasoline compression ignition
LTOlithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12
M1515% methanol and 85% gasoline fuel blend
MAMRmicrowave-assisted magnetic recording
MASmagic angle spinning
MBTEmethyl tertiary-butyl ether
MCFCmolten carbonate fuel cell
mCHPmicro combined heat and power
MCR-ALSmultivariate curve resolution alternating least squares
Memethyl
MEAmembrane electrode assembly; monoethanolamine
MeOHmethanol
Mesmesyl
MFCmicrobial fuel cell
MILPmixed-integer linear programming model
MLCCmulti-layer ceramic capacitor
MLCTmetal-to-ligand charge transfer
MNCmesoporous N doped carbon
MnO2NRmanganese oxide nanoribbons
MOCVDmetalorganic chemical vapour deposition
MOFmetal-organic framework
mol%mole per cent
MOSFETmetal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
MPCmodel predictive control
mpgmiles per gallon
mphmiles per hour
MPVMeerwein-Ponndorf-Verley
MRAMmagnetoresistive random access memory
MRImagnetic resonance imaging
MSmass spectrometry
MSMmetal-semiconductor-metal
MSMPRmixed-suspension mixed-product removal
MSRmethanol steam reforming
MSZWmetastable zone width
mtpdmetric tonnes per day
MWCNTmultiwalled carbon nanotube
MWNTmultiwalled nanotube
n/anot applicable or not available
NAnaturally aspirated
NANDnot and
NAP-HE-XPSnear-ambient pressure high energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
NAP-XPSnear ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
NCMnickel cobalt manganese
NCNFN doped carbon nanofibers
NEDCNew European Driving Cycle
NEPnoise equivalent power
NEXAFSnear edge X-ray absorption fine structure 
NGFN doped graphene fibres
NGrnitrogen-doped graphene
NHCSN doped hollow carbon spheres
NHEnormal hydrogen electrode
NHPCN doped hierarchically porous carbon
NHTSANational Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NICSnucleus-independent chemical shift
NIRnear-infrared
NMCnickel manganese cobalt
NMHCnon-methane hydrocarbon
NMOGnon-methane organic gas
NMRnuclear magnetic resonance
NN-MOIRTneural-network multi-criterion optimisation image reconstruction technique
NORnot or
NOxnitrogen oxides
NPsnanoparticles
NSCNOx storage catalyst
NSRNOx storage reduction
o-Tolortho-tolyl
ODSoxide dispersion strengthened
OEMoriginal equipment manufacturer
OERoxygen evolution reaction 
OLEDorganic light-emitting diode
OMOMmethoxymethoxy
OPEXoperational expenditure
ORRoxygen reduction reaction
OSBLoutside battery limits
OSCoxygen storage capacity
P2Gpower-to-gas
P2Lpower-to-liquids
P2Xpower-to-X
PAFCphosphoric acid fuel cell
PAHpolyaromatic hydrocarbons
PATprocess analytical technology; phosphinothricin acetyltransferase
PBMpopulation balance model
PbPpixel-by-pixel
PBROMphysics-based reduced-order model
PCpropylene carbonate
PCAprincipal component analysis
PCEpolynomial chaos expansion
PDApoly(dopamine)
PDCpolymer derived ceramics
PDDApoly(diallyldimethylammonium)chloride
PDFpowder diffraction; portable document format
PDLpumped dye laser
PEpolyethylene
PECVDplasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
PEEKpolyether ether ketone
PEEMphotoemission electron microscopy
PEFCpolymer electrolyte fuel cell
PEMproton exchange membrane; polymer-electrolyte membrane
PEMFCproton exchange membrane fuel cell or polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
PEMSportable emissions monitoring system
PESphotoelectron spectroscopy
PFAperfluoroalkoxy
PFIport fuel injected
PGEplatinum group element; porous graphene electrode
pgmplatinum group metal: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium or osmium
PGMplatinum group mineral
Phphenyl
PHEVplug-in hybrid electric vehicle
PIDproportional-integral-derivative
PIVparticle image velocimetry
PLDpulsed laser deposition
PLIFplanar laser induced fluorescence
PLLpoly-L-lysine
PLSpartial least squares
PMparticulate matter
PMMApolymethyl methacrylate
PMRperpendicular magnetic recording; Platinum Metals Review
PNparticulate number
poly-Sipolycrystalline silicon
poly(Cu-AMT)polymerised copper-2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4 thiadiazole complex
ppbparts per billion
ppmparts per million
ppmCparts per million carbon
ppmvparts per million by volume
PPVpoly(p-phenylvinylene)
ppy2-phenylpyridine
PROXpreferential CO oxidation
PSpolystyrene
PSEprocess systems engineering
psipounds per square inch
PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene
PTLporous transport layer
PVphotovoltaic
PVCpoly(vinyl chloride)
PVDphysical vapour deposition
PVMparticle vision and measurement
PVPpoly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)
PXRDpowder X-ray diffraction
pypyridine
PZEVpartial zero emissions vehicle
QbDquality by design
R&Dresearch and development
RCMring-closing metathesis
RDEReal-world Driving Emissions; rotating disc electrode
rfradiofrequency
RGOreduced graphene oxide
RHEreversible hydrogen electrode
RIXSresonant inelastic X-ray scattering
ROMPring-opening metathesis polymerisation
RONresearch octane number
rpmrevolutions per minute
RRSresonance Raman spectroscopy
RSRaman spectroscopy
RTroom temperature
RTDresidence time distribution
RWGSreverse water gas shift
RXESresonant x-ray emission spectroscopy 
S-Fcferrocene thiolate
s-SNOMscattering type scanning near-field optical microscopy
SANSsmall-angle neutron scattering
SARsilica to alumina ratio
SAXSsmall angle X-ray spectroscopy
scCO2supercritical carbon dioxide
SCRselective catalytic reduction
SEsecondary electron
SEHSspin echo height spectroscopy
SEIsolid electrolyte interphase
SEISspin echo integration spectroscopy
SEMscanning electron microscopy
SEM-EDSscanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy
SERSsurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SFTPSupplemental Federal Test Procedure
SHEstandard hydrogen electrode
SIMSsecondary ion mass spectroscopy
SMshape memory
SMAshape memory alloy
SMRsteam methane reforming
SMSIstrong metal-support interaction
SNRsignal-to-noise ratio
SOCstate of charge
SOELsolid oxide electrolyser
SOFCsolid oxide fuel cell
SOxsulfur oxides
SPCEscreen printed carbon electrode
SPEFCsolid polymer electrolyte fuel cell
SPELsolid polymer electrolyser
SPFCsolid polymer fuel cell (also known as PEMFC)
SQUIDSsuperconducting quantum interference devices
SRAMstatic random access memory
SRSsimulated Raman spectroscopy
SSDsolid state drive
SSNMRsolid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
STEMscanning transmission electron microscopy
STMscanning tunnelling microscopy
STXMscanning transmission X-ray microscopy
SULEVsuper ultra low emission vehicle
SUVsport utility vehicle
TARthermally-assisted magnetic recording
TBAFtetrabutyl ammonium fluoride
TBDPStert-butyldiphenylsilyl
TBStert-butyldimethylsilyl
TCDthermal conductivity detector
TCEtrichloroethylene
TCOtransparent conducting oxides
TEMtransmission electron microscopy
TEStriethylsilyl
TFAtrifluoroacetic acid
TFTthin-film transistors
TGAthermogravimetric analysis
THCtotal hydrocarbon
THFtetrahydrofuran
TIGtungsten inert gas
TIPStriisopropylsilyl ether
TLCthin layer chromatography
TMtransition metal; trade mark (if superscript)
TMBtransition metal boride
TMEDAtetramethylethylenediamine
tmptetramethylpiperidine
TMPtransition metal phosphide
TMStetramethylsilane
TOFturnover frequency
TOFMStime of flight mass spectrometry
TONturnover number
TPDtemperature-programmed desorption
TPOtemperature programmed oxidation
tpphztetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]phenazine
TPRtemperature-programmed reduction
tpyterpyridine
Trtriphenylmethyl (trityl)
TRGOthermally reduced graphene oxide
TRLtechnology readiness level
TRLtechnology readiness level 
Tstosyl
TWCthree-way catalyst
TXMtransmission X-ray microscopy
UAuric acid
UCunified cycle
UHVultrahigh vacuum
ULEVultra low emission vehicle
UPSultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
UVultraviolet
UV-visultraviolet-visible
VAMvinyl acetate monomer
VCRvariable compression ratio
VLSIvery large scale integrated circuits
vol%volume per cent
w/wweight/weight
WAXSwide-angle X-ray scattering
WDSwavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
WEwater electrolysis 
WGSwater gas shift
WLTCWorld-Harmonised Light-Duty Test Cycle
WLTPWorld Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure
wt%weight per cent
XANESX-ray absorption near edge structure
XASX-ray absorption spectroscopy
XESX-ray emission spectroscopy
Xidestransition metal borides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides and chalcogenides 
XMCDX-ray magnetic circular dichroism
XMLDX-ray magnetic linear dichroism
XMTX-ray micro-tomography
XPSX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XRDX-ray diffraction
XRFX-ray fluorescence
XRTX-ray tomography; X-ray microtomography
ZEVzero emission vehicle
ZFOzinc ferrite
ZGSzirconia grain stabilised
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