Improvements in and Relating to Alloys Containing Platinum Group Metals

johnson matthey & co. ltd French Patent 1,570,312

The alloys contain at least one of the Pt metals, especially Rh, Ir, Pt and Pd, and up to 20% of one of the transition elements Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta or a lanthanide. The Pt metal is melted under inert conditions, the apparatus is evacuated, the transition element is added, and the alloy is cast.

Preparation of Palladium Sulphate Solution

dow chemical co. U.S. Patent 3,425,801

Metallic Pd is contacted with aqueous H₂SO₄ (concentration 9–60 wt%) at 80−150°C in the presence of O₂ to yield stable aqueous solutions of Pd sulphate.

Manufacture of Palladous Halide

farbwerke hoechst a.g. U.S. Patent 3,427,123

Metallic Pd having a large surface area is treated with O₂ in the presence of carboxylic acids, metal halide and ammonium halide to produce palladous halides.

Improved Platinum Electrode

standard oil co. U.S. Patent 3,429,750

An electrically conducting inert support is impregnated with salts of Pt and a second metal (e.g. Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, etc.) dried and heated at 500−1,500°C to produce an intimate mixture of Pt and the second metal. A major amount of the second metal is then removed to increase the internal surface area of the electrode.

Reference Electrode

jenaer glaswerk schott & gen. German Patent 1,498,827

An electrode for electrochemical potential measurements is equipped with a noble metal diaphragm, e.g., a Pt sintered diaphragm.

Coating of Refractory Materials

johnson matthey & co. ltd British Patent 1,150,074

A protective metallic coating is applied to a refractory material by introducing the latter (below 400°C) into an atmosphere of vaporised Pt group metal oxide (or other reducible compound) maintained at about 1400°C. A coating of the reducible compound is deposited on the material and this is reduced to metal by further heat treatment. In preferred embodiments the oxide is PtO₂.

Metal Plating Polymers

tokyo shibara electric co. ltd British Patent 1,155,257

Polymer articles are roughened by bombarding them with activated ions generated by glow discharge. The roughened surface is immersed in aqueous solutions of HCl/SnCl₂ and HCl/PdCl₂. The Pd is electrolessly plated on the surface and subsequently electrolytically plated on the coated surface.

Deposition of Platinum-Carbon Films

victory engineering corp. U.S. Patent 3,428,541

An electrically resistive film is produced by striking an arc between a Pt/C electrode and a counter-electrode to produce a vaporised mixture of Pt and C which is condensed on the substrate. Other Pt group metals can be used in the films.

Composite with a Platinum Coating

owens-illinois inc. U.S. Patent 3,432,278

A corrosion-resistant metal article comprises a base metal (Fe, Ni, etc.), a thin intermediate layer of an easily reduced metal (Cu, Ag or Au) and an outer layer of Pt. The latter is applied in molten droplet form using a plasma jet or by flame spraying.

Lamination of Copper to Noble Metals

johnson matthey & co. ltd French Patent 1,550,563

Cu and its alloys are laminated or coated with noble metals in sheet form (e.g. Pd) using an intermediate layer of Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, or V.

Electrodeposition of Palladium

johnson matthey & co. ltd Canadian Patent 809,643

The electrolyte is an alkaline or neutral aqueous solution of a Pd compound and an NH₄ salt of a weak acid which does not form an insoluble product with the Pd compound. This corresponds to French Patent 1,436,451.

Refractory Metal-to-Ceramic Seal

philips electronic & associated industries ltd British Patent 1,151,473

A refractory ceramic body is bonded to a refractory metal surface by forming a tightly adherent non-porous layer of Mo and/or W on a portion of the surface of the ceramic, then bonding the refractory metal surface to the coated surface by means of a refractory metal wetting agent and a brazing metal. The wetting agent is a Rh-Mo or Ru-Mo alloy capable of wetting the non-porous layer.

Platinum Metal Catalysts

e. i. du pont de nemours & co. British Patent 1,150,380

A catalyst composition comprises a Pt group metal on a carrier. The carrier is hydroxy carbonate of a rare earth metal. The CO₃²⁻content of the latter is 20−95% of that for the neutral rare earth carbonate. Alternatively the carrier may be a mixture of a lanthanide oxide with a lanthanide carbonate. The latter is 5−80% of the stoichiometric amount reckoned on the neutral lanthanide carbonate. Preferred embodiments are Ru on CeO₂ containing Ce carbonate.

Palladium Catalysts

standard oil co. British Patent 1,150,422

A Pd/C catalyst is brought into contact with liquid HCOOH at a temperature of at least 100°F, for the purpose of controlling its activity. The activity of the catalyst may have been reduced by contacting with terephthalic acid and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde in the presence of H₂. The catalyst is for the purification of aromatic poly-carboxylic acid.

Production of Adiponitrile

badische anilin-& soda-fabrik a.g. British Patent 1,151,567

Adiponitrile is continuously produced by liquid-phase hydrogenation of 1,4-dicyanobutenes at 50−200°C using a Pd catalyst comprising Pd and Ag as oxides or metals. The catalyst may also contain Ni, Co, V, Mn as oxides or metals. In an example the catalyst was composed of 0.3% Pd, 5% Ag, 1% Mn on hardened silicic acid pellets.

Catalysts

texaco development corporation British Patent 1,152,536

A chlorinated hydrocarbon activated Pt/Al₂O₃ composite is dynamically stabilised by (a ) heating (600−1200°F) in the presence of a non-reactive gas at prescribed flow rate; (b ) adjusting the gas temperature to 150−700°F; (c ) contacting the composite (150−700°F) with a compound selected from CCl₄, CHCl₃, CHCl₂ or trichloroacetylchloride or in an O₂ atmosphere with an organic chloride.

Dimerisation of Olefins

institut francais du petrole des carburants et lubrifiants British Patent 1,153,519

Olefins are dimerised in the presence of a catalyst which consists of an organo Al compound (e.g. AlEtCl₂), and a halide of a precious metal (Pt, Ir, Rh or Pd). The catalyst is associated with a binder, e.g. S, an arsine, a phosphine or a stibine.

Reforming Aromatisation Process

esso research & engineering co. British Patent 1,153,920

A hydrocarbon feedstream is reformed by contacting it with a catalyst consisting of a metal of the Pt-group (e.g. Pt) carried on a refractory support. There are a number of catalyst zones. The catalyst in the tail zones is sulphided to the extent of 0.01−2.0 wt% of the total.

Unsaturated Esters

stamicarbon n.v. British Patent 1,154,517

Saturated organic carboxylic acids and olefines are reacted with O₂ in the gas phase in contact with a Pd catalyst to yield unsaturated esters. The catalyst comprises a carrier material bearing Pd and one or more of Pt, Rh, Ru. The ratio of Pd to the other noble metal(s) is in the range 300:1 to 3:1.

Hydrocarbon Conversion Catalyst

texaco development corp. British Patent 1,155,516

A hydrocarbon conversion catalyst consists of Al₂O₃, 0.01−2% of Ru, Rh, Pd or Pt and 3−15% Cl and/or Br. A composite of the metal and Al₂O₃ is contacted with the halogen and one or more organic compounds (e.g. chloral, C₂Cl₄) at 200−800°F.

Phenylacrylonitriles

asahi kasei kogyo k.k. British Patent 1,156,620

Phenylacrylonitriles are produced by subjecting a gaseous mixture of styrene (or a styrene derivative), HCN and O₂ (or air) to a catalytic reaction (100−500°C) in the presence of Pd, Rh, or a Pd or Rh compound. In examples PdCl₂ is the preferred catalyst, supported on SiO₂ and possibly treated with H₂S prior to the synthesis reaction.

Oxidation Catalyst

ethyl corp. U.S. Patent 3,425,792

ICE exhaust gas is oxidised on a supported Pt catalyst promoted with a Pb compound. The catalyst is produced by digesting Al₂O₃ in H₃PO₄, adding Pb oxide and PtCl₂ and calcining.

Catalytic Hydrogenation

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,426,090

An aromatic compound, e.g. a benzene hydrocarbon is hydrogenated at 10−425°C at 1–200 atm, in contact with a group VIII metal (e.g. Pt) deposited on a refractory oxide support and chemically treated with a subfluoride vapour.

Catalyst Preparation

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,428,572

Inorganic oxide support material (e.g. Al₂O₃) is mixed with a soluble compound of a catalytically active metal (e.g. Pt) and a soluble thioamide, mercaptocarboxylic acid or other S compound and treated to gel the inorganic oxide hydrosol.

Production of Acrolein and Methacrolein

sun oil co. U.S. Patent 3,428,686

C₃H₆ and isobutylene are reacted with air or O₂ in the presence of a Pt catalyst metallic gauze at temperatures of 750−1000°C to yield aldehydes.

Normal Mono-olefines by Dehydrogenation

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,429,944

6–20 C normal mono-olefines are produced by contacting the corresponding normal paraffin with a non-acidic Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst in dehydrogenation conditions. The particle size of the catalyst should not be greater than 1/32 inch.

Molecular Rearrangement of Cycloalkadiene Compounds

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,432,564

Cyclodecadiene rearranges to 1, 2-diethyl cyclohexane (among other things) on treatment with H₂ in contact with a catalyst obtained by comingling Al₂O₃ spheres carrying a Pt compound and thiomalic acid.

Catalytic Hydrogenation

shell oil co. U.S. Patent 3,432,565

The catalyst for high temperature hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons is 0.3−3% Pt/Al₂O₃ with a low bulk density (<0.70 g/ml).

Cis -Cyclodecene

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,433,842

Trans, cis –1, 5–cyclodecadiene is converted to cis -cyclodecene by contacting it with a Pd hydrogenation catalyst with an amine present to suppress side reactions. See also U.S. Patent 3,433,843.

Catalytic Reforming

chevron research co. U.S. Patent 3,434,960

Naphtha is reformed in contact with a catalyst consisting of a porous oxide carrier bearing 0.01−1.0 wt% Pt and 0.01−2 wt% Re. See also U.S. Patent 3,438,888.

Dealkylation of Alkyl Substituted Aromatics

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,436,433

A catalyst for the dealkylation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons consists of a Rh–Fe–alkali metal−Cr₂O₃−Al₂O₃ composite, the alkali metal being K. See also U.S. Patent 3,436,434.

Removal of Oxygen from Closed Containers

universal oil products co. U.S. Patent 3,437,425

O₂ is removed ft om closed containers by admitting H₂ and contacting the gaseous mixture with a catalyst prepared by impregnating a support (Al₂O₃) with a Pd–Cl₂ solution (Cl:Pd mol. ratio is 6:1 to 10:1) and thereafter drying and reducing the impregnated support. See also U.S. Patents 3,437,426–3,437,428.

Preparation of Acetaldehyde

farbwerke hoechst a.g. U.S. Patent 3,439,044

C₂H₄ is oxidised to CH₃CHO in the presence of H₂O and metallic Pd. The text discloses the use of metallic Pt metals generally on inorganic supports such as Al₂O₃.

Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Paraffins

shell oil co. U.S. Patent 3,439,061

Olefines are produced by the dehydrogenation of paraffins over sulphided Group VIII metal catalysts, e.g. Pt/Al₂O₃ with S added to the feedstock to maintain the S content.

Isomerisation Catalyst

texaco inc. U.S. Patent 3,440,300

A Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst activated by a halogenated hydrocarbon is stabilised by heat treatment in the presence of a non-reactive gas (N₂, air, O₂, He) and contacting (150−700°F) with either an organic chloride containing at least 2 C atoms, in an O₂ atmosphere and with CCl₄, CHCl₃, COCl₃, CH₂Cl₂ or CCl₃COCl. This provides a stabilised catalyst of Cl content 3−10%. See also U.S. Patent 3,440,301.

Isomerisation Catalyst

gulf research & development co. U.S. Patent 3,441,514

A Pt/Al₂O₃ composite catalyst is contacted with a S chloride and an O₂-containing gas under non-reducing condition at 750−1100°F. Alternatively the activation may be carried out by contacting with a gaseous halogen and an O₂-containing gas at 750−1100°F prior to contacting with SCl₂.

Vinyl Acetate

knapsack a.g. U.S. Patent 3,441,601

Vinyl acetate is produced by the vapour phase reaction of C₂H₄, CH₃COOH and O₂ on a catalyst (Pd on an inert carrier) activated by exposure to air and N₂. Fresh catalysts are first subjected to air at elevated temperatures and pressures and then to N₂.

Hydrogenation Isomerisation

phillips petroleum co. U.S. Patent 3,441,624

Aromatic hydrogenation and cycloparaffin isomerisation are effected simultaneously in contact with a Group VIII metal catalyst (Pt) on halogen-treated Al₂O₃ at 150−275°F, 50−1500 psig and specified space velocity and H₂ feed rate.

Selective Catalytic Hydrogenation of Crotonaldehyde

johnson matthey & co. ltd Swiss Patent 467,229

C₃H₇CHO is produced by the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde in the liquid phase using a Pd metal catalyst deposited on a support, preferably Al₂O₃, C or a ceramic material. This corresponds to British Patent 1,089,835.

Polysiloxane-Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers

rhone-poulenc s.a. British Patent 1,151,960

New block copolymers are produced by reaction of linear polysiloxanes with polyalkylene-glycol monoethers. The reaction of Si-H bonds with the alcohols requires a catalyst, preferably Pt, Pt black or H₂PtCl₆. The acid is preferred.

Production of Unsaturated Esters

imperial chemical industries ltd British Patent 1,154,039

An olefin and O₂ are contacted with a solution consisting of a Pd (II) salt, a carboxylic acid, halide ions, carboxylate ions, a Cu salt and an inorganic redox system of specified E°.

Hydrogenation Process

imperial chemical industries ltd British Patent 1,154,937

Unsaturated organic substrates are hydrogenated in homogeneous liquid media by contacting with H₂ in the presence of a zero valent Pt or Pd compound containing one or more ligands derived from organic substituted phosphines. Compounds exemplified include bis(triphenyl-phosphine)(acetylene)Pt(O) and tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)-Pd.

Oligomerisation of Olefines

imperial chemical industries ltd British Patent 1,155,003

Mono-olefines are oligomerised in a solution of a Rh or Ru salt (e.g. chloride) in a hydrocarbon containing H₂O. Co-ordinating ligands (e.g. Ph₃P) may be present.

Production of Organosilicon Compounds

deutsche gold-und silber-scheideanstalt British Patent 1,158,510

A compound containing at least one Si-H group is reacted with an organic compound containing at least one C=C or C≡C in the presence of a catalyst of general formula PtX₂(RCOCR′COR″)₂ e.g. dichloroplatinum(IV) acetylacetonate.

Catalytic Oxidation of Olefines

farbwerke hoechst a.g. British Patent 1,158,706

Olefines are oxidised (O₂ or air) in the liquid phase in the presence of a solution containing an (organic) acid, a Pd salt (e.g. PdCl₂) and a suspension of an inert powder (active C, SiC, etc.) of specified particle size.

Palladium Carbonyl Halide

olin mathieson chemical corp. U.S. Patent 3,438,750

New carbonylation agents have the formula [Pd(CO)X₂]_n where X is halogen and n is 2–1,000,000 and are made by reacting PdX₂ and/or PdHX with CO.

Olefine-palladium Chloride Complex

w. r. grace & co. U.S. Patent 3,439,009

An olefine dimerisation catalyst is a complex of formula L₂Pd₂Cl₄, where L is a 2−12C mono-olefine such as C₂H₄.

Silicon-Olefine Addition Catalyst

imperial chemical industries ltd U.S. Patent 3,439,014

The catalyst is a complex of PdX₂ and an organic sulphide, e.g. PtCl₂ and diethyl sulphide.

Catalyst for Chemical Reactions

johnson matthey & co. ltd German Patent 1,442,733

The catalyst is an intimate homogeneous mixture (not a purely physical mixture) of 99−90 wt% PtO₂ and 1−10 wt% RuO₂.

Porous Electrode Material

allmanna svenska elektriska a.b. British Patent 1,151,938

An electrode material for fuel cells is made by applying a Pt group metal on a porous conducting body. This is accomplished by contacting the pores with a Pt group metal compound (e.g. Pd acetylacetonate, other acetylacetonates (Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru) or Pt carbonyl chlorides) which is decomposable in the gaseous state.

Fuel Cell Membranes

leesona corp. British Patent 1,152,580

A high-strength supported Pd-Ag alloy membrane is made by coating a Ni gridlike support with a thin layer of Au, contacting this coated grid with a thin Pd-Ag alloy membrane under pressure and heating (also under pressure) to a temperature sufficient to bond the support to the membrane.

Catalysts for Fuel Cell Electrodes

sun oil co. U.S. Patent 3,428,490

The H₂ electrode of a H₂-O₂ cell is prepared from 88−99% of a diluent metal matrix (Ag, Cr, Ti, etc.) and 12−1% of an alloy of a catalytic noble metal and Al (e.g. Al-Pd). On leaching the product the major portion of the Al is removed.

High Temperature Fuel Cell

general electric co. (new york)

U.S. Patent 3,432,352

A high temperature (800°C) fuel cell contains a porous film of Pd metal between and in contact with the solid O₂ ion electrolyte and the porous C anode. The electrolyte is stabilised ZrO₂ and the Pd film is preferably about 1 μ thick.

Electrochemical Power Supply with Moveable Anodes

texas instruments inc. U.S. Patent 3,432,354

A fuel cell using aqueous electrolyte and a cathode comprising a Pt-type catalytic material has an anode in the form of a strip of metal which may be wound through the cell.

Electrode for Fuel Cell

u.s. secretary of the interior U.S. Patent 3,433,680

The fuel cell electrode for a solid electrolyte cell is made of Pt fused to the electrolyte in a reducing atmosphere.

Catalytic Fuel Cell Electrodes

leesona corp. U.S. Patent 3,438,815

The electrodes consist of a porous integral layer of metal covered with a layer comprising a catalytic metal dispersed in a hydrophobic metal, e.g. Pt black in ptfe applied to a porous Ni sheet.

Fuel Cell Gas Electrode

shell oil co. U.S. Patent 3,438,817

An electrode consists of a porous base coated with an electrically conducting film and then coated with (a ) a first catalytic coating consisting of Pt metal, Ni, Ag or C in a polymeric binder and (b ) a second coating of Pt metal, Ni, Ag or C in a second different polymeric binder.

Fuel Cell Electrodes

american cyanamid co. U.S. Patent 3,440,107

A noble metal compound (containing Pt or Rh or both) is treated with a polysubstituted silane containing Si-H groups in an alcoholic solvent in the presence of an electrically conductive filler. A chemically reduced noble metal of specified crystallite size is thereby precipitated on to the conductive filler.

Porous Sinter Electrodes

robert bosch g.m.b.h. German Patent 1,471,756

Fuel cells gave a porous sinter electrode of Ni alloy having a skeletal structure. The Ni alloy has up to 20 at.% of Ti, V, Cr, Co, Mo, Ru, Ta, etc. The structure supports a Pt metal alloy.

Separation of Hydrogen from Other Gases

international nickel ltd British Patent 1,152,283

H₂ is separated from gaseous mixtures containing more than 50% H₂ by causing Pd to absorb H at a relatively high pressure and desorb it at a relatively low pressure. The cycle of adsorption and desorption is repeated under such conditions that 45−80% saturation of Pd with H is achieved at the end of each adsorption step. The Pd is of specified surface area. See also British Patent 1,153,636.

Continuous Monitoring of Hydrogen and Oxygen

the boeing co. U.S. Patent 3,426,579

The fluid containing H and O to be monitored impinges on a heated Pd alloy barrier in a chamber which has been activated with H₂. The other side of the barrier is pumped down to a low vacuum. The H₂ passes through the barrier and the pressure difference created is a measure of the amount present in the liquid.

Activated Platinum Coatings for Electrodes

oronzio de nora impianti elettrochimici s.a.s. U.S. Patent 3,428,544

An electrode (for the electrolysis of salt solutions) comprises a metallic base (Ti) coated with at least one Pt group metal containing 0.2−2.0% of an activating metal selected from Sb, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ta, V or Nb.

Hydrogen Separation and Purification

union carbide corp. U.S. Patent 3,439,474

H₂ is separated from gas mixtures by means of a H₂ diffusion barrier foil consisting of an alloy of 37.5−42 wt% Cu and the remainder Pd.

Activation of Platinum Metal Electrodes

johnson matthey & co. ltd Dutch Patent 125,889

Particularly active electrodes for use in brine electrolysis are produced by exposing a Ti electrode plated with Pt group metal or alloy, in particular Pt, Pt-Rh or Pd-Ag, to the action of Hg vapour or alkali metal amalgam vapour, the Hg coating being distilled off after it has been deposited to leave the surface in a highly active state. This corresponds to British Patent 957,703.

Alloys for Glass Making Equipment

johnson matthey & co. ltd British Patent 1,155,563

Pt-Rh-Au alloys for use in contact with molten glass contain, apart from impurities, 65−97% Pt, 2−25 Rh and 1−10% Au. The compositions are specified in the form of an area represented on a triangular diagram. The alloy is produced by melting together pure Pt and pure Rh in sponge form and pure Au in grain form, then chill casting into an ingot.

Thermionic Diodes

philips electronic & associated industries ltd British Patent 1,150,930

The cathode of a thermionic diode is of the dispenser type, with a porous W member coated with a thin layer of Os, Ir, Re or Rh. The anode (Cu or Mo or Au-plated Mo) is in the form of a disc. In operation the anode temperature is less than 450°K, the cathode temperature is ∼1050°K.

Metallising Compositions

international business machines corp. British Patent 1,151,298

A pattern of electrically conductive material may be provided on a ceramic substrate by firing on to the substrate a composition which includes a vitreous frit and a particulate metal. The latter is 59.8−70% Au, 10−20% Pt and the balance Pd.

Resistors

e. i. du pont de nemours & co. British Patent 1,151,658

Pd-based resistors are encapsulated with a glaze made from a composition consisting of (A): a major part of a glass frit (from PbO, CdO, B₂O₃, SiO₂, or from PbO, PbF₂, B₂O₃ and SiO₂, of specified composition) and (B): a minor part of finely divided fused SiO₂, petalite, spodumene, beta-eucryptite (or any mixture of these).

Metallising Compositions

e. i. du pont de nemours & co. British Patent 1,151,797

A composition useful for metallising electrodes consists of 75−95% of a finely divided noble metal powder (e.g. Ag, Pt and Pd in specified ratios) and 25−5% of a finely divided inorganic binder (e.g. BiO₃ and a Na Cd borosilicate glass). See also British Patents 1,152,502 and 1,154,890.

Electrical Resistors

t.r.w. inc. British Patent 1,158,381

A vitreous enamel resistor composition consists of a mixture of a glass frit, finely divided particles of an electrically conductive material (Pd and Ag in specified amounts) and kaolin.

Palladium Ohmic Contact for Semiconductors

international business machines corp. U.S. Patent 3,431,472

Pd metal is deposited on to the desired regions of a Si body below the Pd/Si eutectic temperature. It is then sintered to produce a firm bond on the body and then Au leaf is compression-bonded in situ to each contact.

Ruthenium Sparking Plug Electrodes

johnson matthey & co. ltd Japanese Patent 532,729

Sparking plug electrodes, without a fibrous structure and resistant to Pb and its compounds at high temperature, are made from Ru powder or a Ru-Ir alloy powder of specified particle size. All particles must be in the range 1−76 μ and the 10–20 and 20–30 μ particles must represent, respectively, 20−35% and 30−50% of the powder weight. This corresponds to British Patent 1,099,387.