NEW PATENTS: October 1993
Journal Archive
NEW PATENTS: October 1993
METALS AND ALLOYS
Clad Bonding Wire for Semiconductor Device
tanaka denshl kogyo British Appl. 2,248,416A
Wire comprises a cladding of Pd, Pt, Au or Ag, or their alloys, and a core of Pd, Pt, Au or Ag, or their alloys, which are different from the cladding. The ratio of diameter of the core to outer diameter of the cladding is preferably 15–60% or 85–99%. The wire can form a neck portion of strength equal to or higher than other portions and can form a ball which does not crack the semiconductor package.
Hydrogen Storage Nickel-Zirconium Alloy for Batteries
mitsubishi materials k.k. Japanese Appls. 4/66,632–633
Alloy compositions comprise by wt.%: (a) 10-37 Zr, 5–30 Ti, 5–30 Mn, 1–30 Fe, 0.001–0.5 Pt or Au, 0.01–15 W, Ni, and (b) 10–37 Zr, 5–25 Ti, 4–20 Mn, 0.01–15 Fe, 0.001–0.5 Pt or Au, 0.1–15 V, balance Ni and impurities, both having a MgZn2 type crystal structure. The alloys are used for anode active substances in batteries, have reduced self discharging and large discharge capacity for a long cycle life.
ELECTRODEPOSITION AND SURFACE COATINGS
Soluble Perhydrosiloxane Copolymers for Coating Compositions
r. h. baney U.S. Patent 5,091,162
Perhydrosiloxane copolymers are dissolved in a solvent (2), the solution optionally including a Pt or Rh catalyst at 5–500 ppm with respect to the perhy-drosiloxane and a modifying ceramic oxide precursor (1) sufficient to provide 0.1–30 wt.% of (1) in a formed ceramic coating. The ceramic coating is formed by coating the substrate with a solution of the copolymer and (2), evaporating (2), heating the coating at 20–1000°C in an ammonia or amine atmosphere. The resulting coating has low defect density, and is used in electronic devices.
Catalyst for Electroless Plating
hitachi chemical k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/26,774
The catalyst is obtained by mixing a divalent Pd compound and at least two lower alkylamines with a 1:1 to 1:10 molar ratio of Pd compound to total amount of lower alkylamine, into a buffer solution comprising 0.001-0.5 mol/1 of Na citrate and of NaOH. Electroless plating is performed by degreasing an insulation material, dipping it into the catalyst, rinsing with H2O and dipping it into an aqueous solution of reducing agent, rinsing, followed by electroless plating. High-density multilayer printed circuit boards are produced by this process.
Composite Laser Plating
mitsubishi heavy ind. k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/26,791
A composite laser plating of improved performance is obtained by immersing a Pt anode and workpiece in a plating solution containing ions and irradiating it with a variable wavelength laser beam from a laser oscillator outside the vessel. The simple plating procedure gives desirable composite electroplating.
Pt-W Alloy Electroplating Bath
tanaka kikinzoku kogyo Japanese Appl. 4/32,595
The bath contains a Pt compound and tungstic acid and/or a tungstate and has a pH of ≥ 3. Pt-W alloy objects are electroplated in the electroplating bath by applying a current density of 0.025-3.0 A/dm2. Preferably, the plated alloy film is amorphous. The Pt compound is Pt chloride, chloroplatinic acid, a chloroplatinate, Pt hydroxide, a hydroxy-platinate, Pt dinitrodiamino complex salt and/or Pt dinitrosul-phido complex salt. A Pt alloy plated film with high corrosion resistance, even to aqua regia, is produced.
APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUE
Electrode for Measuring pH
toa electronics k.k. European Appl. 472,398A
A measuring electrode comprises an electrically conductive support of Pt, Al, Ta, etc., covered with an insulating film of Al2O3, Ta2O5, Si3N4, etc., and a coating of a sensitive Ir, Pt, Pd, Rh or Sn oxide film on the exposed region, with the O:Ir ratio being 2.5–3.5. The electrode is used in small devices, is durable, stable and effective for pH 0–14, with a quick response.
Oxygen Sensor for Measuring Exhaust Gas Composition
japan eltrn. control. syst. Japanese Appl. 4/19,555
The sensor consists of a heat-resistant ZrO2 tube, a pair of Pt electrodes attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the tube and a housing connected to the tube. The sensor, which has a high heat resistance, is produced by high temperature, of at least 1000°C, and high pressure (10–1000 atm) conjugation. The sensor is used mainly for measuring the O2 concentration of exhaust gases from car engines.
Oxygen Concentration Sensor
japan eltrn. control syst. Japanese Appls. 4/25,754–55
A sensor has a ZrO2 tube containing internal and external Pt film electrodes and a protection layer generating voltage with respect to the O2 concentration. The sensor can also comprise an outermost layer of a metal oxide which is stable at high temperature and Pt black. The sensor is used to purify the exhaust of motor cars by keeping a proper air:fuel ratio.
Deoxidiser for Preservation of Foods
mitsubishi gas chem. k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/61,931
A deoxidiser comprises an organic compound with an OH group and a Pt group metal catalyst, preferably Pt/C. Preferred compounds having the OH group are methanol, ethanol, glycerine, ethylene glycol, especially ethanol glycerine. The deoxidiser can be used to preserve foods, in medicines, clothes and electronic devices.
Gas Sensor to Detect Hydrogen Sulphide or Ammonia
toto k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/62,466
A gas sensor comprises a solid-state electrode of LaF, a reference electrode of Sn + SnF2 or Au, and a detection electrode of Pt, Pd or Ir. Atmospheric gas, containing H2S and NH3, in contact with the interface between the detection electrode and LaF3, causes changes in ion activity near the interface. The potential between the detection and reference electrodes changes thus giving the response signals. The gases can be detected at room temperature.
JOINING
Fluxless Soldering Method
motorola inc. U.S. Patent 5,086,966
Soldering to metallic substrates can be performed by contacting the substrate with a Pd-Sn alloy solder and heating to re-flow the solder onto the substrate. Pd is deposited onto the solder body surface prior to heating the solder alloy in contact with the substrate to enhance wetting the substrate and bonding.
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Catalysts for Converting n -Butane to Isobutene
eniricerche s.p.a. British Appl. 2,246,524A
Catalysts for the production of isobutene by dehydroisomerisation of n -butane comprise 0.1–1 wt.% Pt/SiO2 deposited on the surface of a porous granular γ-Al2O3 support of surface area 100–400 m2/g, pore volume 0.5–1.5 cmVg and particle size 0.4–5 mm. The catalyst also contains 0.1–1 % In and/or 0.05–1 % Sn. The Pt:In wt. ratio is 0.3–1.5:1, while the Pt:Sn is 0.5–2.1.
Paraffin Oxidation with Hydrogen/Oxygen Mixture
eniricerche s.p.a. European Appl. 469.662A
Oxidation of parafSnic compounds into corresponding alcoholic and/or ketonic derivatives comprises reacting the paraffins with a mixture of O2 and H2 at 0-100°C, in the presence of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru or Ir catalysts and Ti silicalite, in a medium acidified by a mineral or organic acid. The zeolitic type catalyst allows low temperature oxidation of paraffins, which are generally unreactive, with a H2 and O2 mixture.
Automobile Monolithic Converter for Alcohol-Containing Fuel
general motors corp. European Appl. 470,653A
The converter contains Pd deposited onto a surface of a ceramic honeycomb monolith in exhaust gas upstream of a Pt-Rh-impregnated monolith having a uniform loading of catalyst material on a surface. The converter for alcohol-containing fuel applications minimises the formation of aldehydes, in that the catalytic converter is characterised by a rapid heat-up period and corresponding lower light-off time.
Production of Trifluoroethylene
japan halon co. ltd. European Appl. 471,320A
Trifluoroethylene (TFE) is produced by reacting 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane with H2 in the presence of a catalyst comprising Pd and at least one other active catalyst component of Au, Te, Sb, Bi or As. The catalysts can be also supported on an inert carrier. In an example, a catalyst comprised 1 wt.% Pd–0.2 wt.% As/active C The TFE can be produced in a one-step reaction and the catalyst has high activity and a long life.
Regenerating Deactivated Hydrogenation Catalysts
huls a.g. European Appl. 472,853A
The process involves subjecting deactivated hydrogenation catalysts, especially Ru/Al2O3 to ultrasonic treatment outside an hydrogenator in an ultrasonic bath, or with a source of ultrasound inside the reactor. The source has a frequency 18–50 kHz and output 10–100 W/cm2.
Integrated Process for Methyltertalkyl Ether Production
phillips petroleum co. European Appl. 474,188A
An integrated process for producing tertiary alkyl ether compounds, with simultaneous iso-olefin and ether production, by reacting the produced iso-olefin with a primary alcohol under etherification conditions comprises simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in the presence of a supported platinum group metal catalyst. The process can convert low octane, high Reid vapour pressure hydrocarbons to high octane, low Reid vapour pressure organic compounds, with high conversion and selectivity.
Production of High Purity Aniline
mitsui toatsu chem. inc. European Appl. 476,404A
Continuous production of aniline is effected by hydro-genating nitrobenzene in the presence of a catalyst and a Zn compound promoter at 150–250°C using H2 containing 1–500 ppm CO. The catalyst comprises Pd and optionally Pt on a lipophilic C support with an oil absorbency of ≥ 100. The produced aniline contains < 50 ppm of nitrobenzene and is thus suitable for direct conversion to methylenedianiline.
Preparation of Halogenated-Alkyl-Ferrocenes
poudres & explosifs European Appl. 478,417A
Monohalogenoalkyl ferrocene is prepared by the reduction of a monohalogenoalkanoyl-ferrocene in acetic acid using PtO2/SnCl2 catalyst. This method has a very high yield of > 90%, and can be scaled up simply and cheaply, and gives a very pure raw product (95%) in a good time. The H2 pressure is increased to 500kPa during the reaction.
Removal of Organochlorine Compounds from Combustion Exhaust Gas
nkk corp. World Appl. 92/4,104A
Organochlorine compounds are decomposed from combustion exhaust gas by contacting with a catalyst containing at least one of Pt, Pd, Ru, Mn, Cu, Cr, Fe and their oxides supported on a carrier containing Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2, at 150-350°C. The carrier has a honeycomb structure and can be pellets. The space rate of the exhaust gas lies between 1,000-50,000/h. The method is carried out using catalysts without heating, and is highly efficient and stable for a prolonged time.
Methylpyridine Preparation
standard oil co. ohio U.S. Patent 5,066,809
3-Methylpyridine is produced by contacting 2-methyl-glutaronitrile with H2 and a solid catalyst containing Pd promoted with at least one of Cr, W, Ni, Co and Ge on a support, preferably of 0–30 wt.% SiO2 and 100–70 wt.% Al2O3. In an example, the support is impregnated with a solution containing PdCl2 in HCl and Co(NO3 )2.6H2O in water. The catalyst gives high yields, of 78% production at 100% conversion.
Synthesis Gas Production from Hydrocarbons
eastman kodak co. U. S. Patent 5,068,057
Production of synthesis gas with H2:CO molar ratio of 1:1.5 to 2:1 is effected by contacting an anhydrous mixture of CO2 and one or more HCs with a fixed bed of a catalyst comprising Pt or Pd on Al2 O3 or SiO2 /Al2O3, at 650-1000°C and GHSV of 100–50,000. The process gives higher CO:H2 ratios than conventional steam reforming, and is suitable for applications such as hydroformylation or carbonylation. The reaction proceeds smoothly with no apparent loss of catalyst activity.
Reducing Pollution from Combustion Chamber
b. j. robinson U. S. Patent 5,085,841
The method comprises injecting homogeneously to the flame zone of a combustion chamber a mixture of Pt, Rh or Re containing, in mg, 1–9 Pt, 0.2–3 Rh and 0.3–3 Re. The mixture is carried by gases into the flame zone during fuel combustion for simultaneously enhancing oxidation of C in the fuel and inhibiting oxidation of N2 in the air. The method is of use in diesel and petrol engines, and in engines or furnaces where combustion of gaseous, liquid or solid fuels takes place.
Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Propane or Butane
uop U.S. Patent 5,087,792
Propane or butane is dehydrogenated in the presence of a Pt catalyst on a support. The process is carried out under severe conditions which promote rapid deactivation of the catalyst, including agglomeration of the Pt and deposition of coke. The supported Pt catalyst is reactivated by contacting with heated O2 -Containing gas to remove coke by combustion, with drying gas at 800–1100°F to reduce H2 O content, with Cl to redisperse the Pt, and reduced by contact with H-rich gas. The reconditioned catalyst is recovered from the reduction zone.
Preparation of Carboxy-Imidazole Active Metabolite
merck & co. inc. U.S. Patent 5,089,626
A carboxy-imidazole compound metabolite of angiotensin-II antagonist is prepared by reacting prodrug hydroxymethyl-imidazole compound by single stage oxidation in an aqueous base reaction medium with an oxidising agent selected from K2 S2 O8, NaOCl, NaOBr, NaIO4 and KIO4, in the presence of a Ru catalyst. The catalyst may be hydrated RuX3 (X = Cl, Br or I) or RuO4, Ru metal powder, Ru/C, Ru (III) a ethylacetone or RWAl2O3 and is used in amount 0.1–20 mol %. The reaction temperature is in the range of –20 to +50°C and the pH 13–14.
High Temperature Combustion Catalyst with Extended Life
babcock-hitachi k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/27,433
The catalyst consists of a refractory inorganic support loaded with Pd oxide and a double oxide of Pd and La, of atomic ratio La:Pd 0.01–0.4/1. In the production of the catalyst, Pd is loaded onto the support, such as Al2 O3, and fired; then a La compound is loaded onto the support and fired at 800–900°C in an oxidative atmosphere. The catalyst is used for high temperature combustion.
Decomposition of Methane Gas
mitsubishi heavy ind. k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/29,744
Decomposition of CH4 gas in enclosed spaces, such as submarines, comprises thermally decomposing CH4 in the presence of a supported Ru catalyst, such as Al2O3. CH4 gas can be decomposed efficiently at lower temperatures than by the conventional method, resulting in reduction in cost and size.
Acid Rain Nuclear Reactor System
b. liber Canadian Patent 2,018,022
A reactor system has a Rh plus Pt catalytic means to remove flue gas contaminants, preferably in 2 stages. The first stage comprises a plurality of spaced-apart reactor surfaces of Pt and Rh and the second stage contains a catalyst of Co, Ni, Zr and activated charcoal to convert residual contaminants. The system can be used in hetero or homogeneous catalysis.
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Rhodium Hydroformylation Catalyst
basf a.g. European Appl. 472,071A
A Rh hydroformylarion catalyst, with bis-phosphite ligands, and containing divalent bisarylene, optionally substituted alkylene or o -arylene and divalent arylene, are claimed, together with the hydroformy-lation of 2–20C olefins using these catalysts. The catalysts show high activity and great hydrolysis resistance, have low volatility and allow easy separation of the catalyst from the volatile hydroformylarion products. The catalysts are used in the hydroformy-lation of α and internal olefins to give various aldehydes.
Selective Preparation of Adipic Acid
rhode poulenc chim. European Appl. 477,112A
Adipic acid is prepared by reacting H2O and CO with one pentenoic acid in the presence of a Rh based catalyst and an iodine promoter at 100–240°C. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a saturated aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid with ≤ 20C, and partial CO pressure at 25°C of ≤ 20 bar. The reaction is highly selective for adipic acid production.
Fragrance Agent Production
hoechst a.g. European Appl. 477,747A
Fragrant agents are prepared from sassafras oil by hydroformylarion with CO and H2 at 5–50 MPa and 70–170°C in the presence of Rh carbonyl complex compounds with triphenyl phosphane as ligand, with excess triphenyl phosphane as catalyst, followed by separation of the reaction product from solvent and catalyst. The process is easily carried out and gives high yields of fragrance compositions, useful for perfuming bulk goods.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
eastman kodak co. European Appl. 479,161A
2-Aryl-benz(ox, imid, thio) azoles are prepared by condensing an aromatic halide with an orthoamine (phenol, aniline, thiophenol) in the presence of CO and a Pd catalyst, preferably PdCl2L2, and causing the intermediate formed to undergo ring closure to give the desired heterocycle. The formed compounds are useful as anaesthetics, analgesics, virus inhibitors, etc. The method is tolerant of a wide variety of functional groups on either aromatic ring and gives high product yields.
Phosphino-Binaphthyl Catalysts
takasago int. corp. European Appl. 479,542A
2,2’-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-5,5’,6,6’,7,7’,8,8’-octahydro-1,1’-binaphthyl and its transition metal complexes preferably with Rh, Ru or Ir are claimed. Their intermediates with halo, halogenated Mg or P(=O)Ph2 are also claimed. The catalysts are useful in various enantioselective syntheses, such as of 2-(N-acylamino)methyl-3-oxo butanoic acid ester.
1,2-Epoxybutane Preparation
eastman kodak co. U.S. Patent 5,077,418
The preparation of 1,2-epoxybutane involves the hydrogenation of 3,4-epoxy-l-butene in the presence of 0.5–5% Rh/C catalyst at 25–80°C and 2–56 bar pressure. Rh or Rh compounds supported on C, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, kieselguhr, molecular sieves and zeolite may be used as the catalyst. An inert organic solvent may optionally be present with further hydrogenation over a Ni catalyst to remove any butyralde-hyde produced. Epoxyalkanes are useful in the manufacture of polyethers, alkyne glycols, and stabilisers for chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.
Methyl Methacrylate Preparation
shell oil co. U.S. Patent 5,081,286
Methyl methacrylate is prepared by contacting treated propyne feed with CO2 and CH3 OH in the presence of a Pd carboxylation catalyst. The carboxylation catalyst comprises a Group VIII metal compound, a ligand and a Bronsted acid anion. Preferably, the propyne feed comprises 99% (mass) of propyne. The process provides low-priced propyne feed.
Alk-1-enyl Ether Cyclocarbonate Preparation
isp investments inc. U.S. Patent 5,095,124
Alk-1-enyl ether cyclocarbonates are prepared from an alk-2-enyl glycidyl ether in the presence of 0.001–1 wt.% of a Ru, Rh or Pd isomerisation catalyst at 100–180°C and a pressure of 1 atm to 50 psig to produce a catalyst and an alk-l-enyl glycidyl ether mixture as an intermediate product. The mixture is further reacted with CO2 in the presence of a halogen-containing phase transfer catalyst at 100–150°C to give the desired cyclocarbonates. The isomerisation catalyst is preferably Ru chloride hydrate and the phase transfer catalyst is Bu4 NBr.
Preparation of Fluorine Containing Dimethylchlorosilanes
shinetsu chem. ind. k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/59,782
Preparing F-containing dimethylchlorosilanes which have F-containing groups with dimethylchlorosilane comprises reacting ethylenic compounds in the presence of Rh complexes. In an example, C4 F9 CH=CH2 and (RhCl)(PPh3)3 catalyst were mixed in an autoclave and heated at 100°C for 4 min to give C4 F9CH2CH2Si(CH3)2 Cl in 93% yield.
FUEL CELLS
Electrocatalyst of Platinum Quaternary Alloy on Conductive Carrier
ne chemcat corp. European Appl. 469,514A
An electrocatalyst comprises a conductive carrier and a dispersed alloy of (in at.%): 40–70% Pt, 9–27% Co, 9–27% Ni and 9–27% Cu. The alloy is preferably a solid solution with a cubic ordered structure. The electrocatalyst has improved activity and life, and is used in an electrode for an acid electrolyte fuel cell.
Fuel Cell Using Alcohol Fuel
physical sei. inc. World Appl. 92/2.965A
Electricity is generated in a small fuel cell by contacting a lower primary alkanol with an anode and oxidising reducible gas is reduced at the cathode. One face of the anode includes, as an electrocatalyst, a particulate Au-Pt alloy of crystalline nature with a major amount of exposed crystalline faces or facets. Electricity is generated on-site, and poisoning by intermediate is avoided or minimised.
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Preparation of Platinum Group Metals from Feedstock
johnson matthey p.l.c. British Appl. 2,247,888A
One or more of the platinum group metals Rh, Ir, Ru and Os are prepared from a feedstock solution by mixing a polyamine having ≥ 3 amino N atoms with a feedstock solution of the chloride complex of the desired metal(s) in oxidation state (III), in the presence of a protonating agent for the polyamine, followed by their recovery. The process is especially useful for the recovery of Rh.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Magnetic Thin Film Recording Medium
komag ing European Appl. 479,232A
Magnetic thin film recording medium for horizontal recording comprises a substrate and a vacuum deposited magnetic alloy layer containing, in at.%, 8–15 Pt, 5–10 Ni, 3–8 Cr, and ≤ 75 Co. Thin film magnetic discs are formed on an Al alloy substrate and a magnetic layer is formed by sputtering. The alloy has a high coercivity, good resistance to corrosion and good noise performance.
Thick-Film Low-End Resistor Composition
du pont de nemours co. U S. Patent 5,096,619
Thick film resistors of resistance < 100 Ω/sq, are formed from Pd, Ag or a Ag alloy having a Pd:Ag weight ratio of 32:68 or 58:42; 40–80 vol.% on total particle solids of a mixture of 0.2–5. wt.% non-crystallising glass of softening points 100–500°C and 150–650°C; 5–20 vol.% uncoated subum size of RuO2; and an organic medium. The composition has a dense, low porosity stable microstructure, and is used as a laser trimmable chip resistor.
Thick Film Conductor Composition
showa denko k.k. Japanese Appl. 4/71,106
A thick film conductor composition comprises an inorganic component of Ag fine powder, 1–30 wt.% (to the solid component) Pd powder, 1–10 wt. % combined Ag-Cu fine powder, 1–10 wt.% of Bi oxide, and 1–10 wt.% glass powder, an organic vehicle and hydroquinone. The conductor composition is used for chip resistors and hybrid ICs.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Thermocouple Assembly for Metallurgical Vessel
vesuvius crucible co. U.S. Patent 5,071,258
A thermocouple assembly for sensing the temperature of molten metals in a metallurgical vessel, such as a tundish used in a continuous steel casting, includes a double bore insulator containing the 2 noble metal alloy lead wires, preferably Pt-Rh, to avoid e.m.f. drift. High purity Al2O3 powder is preferably packed around an upper annular space between the bore of the Mo sheath and the refractory sheath to prevent diffusion of O2 within the Mo bore and minimises the formation of gaseous Mo oxide.
Resistor with Required Temperature Coefficient for Resistance Thermometer
heraeus sensor g.m.b.h. German Appl. 4,026,061
An electrical measuring resistor for a resistance thermometer, comprises a thin Pt film vapour deposited or sputtered onto a substrate. A layer of Pt resínate and Rh sulpho-resinate is applied by screen printing, with the preparation having a Rh content such that a uniform distribution of 0.01–10 wt.% Rh is present in the resistor layer after drying, firing and heat treatment at 1000–1400°C. The desired temperature coefficient can be obtained at 1600–3860 ppm/K.
MEDICAL USES
Dental Porcelains and Alloy
elephant edelmetaal European Appl. 475,528A
A dental alloy used to make a substructure of a dental restoration and a dental porcelain for coating the substructure contains in wt.%: 40–80 Au, 15–50 Ag, 0–20 Pd+Pt, and 0.05 Ir, 0.5–2.0 Zn, 0–1.0 Sn and 0–0.5 Ta. If both Pd and Pt are present one of them is < 4 wt.%. The dental porcelain contains at least three different glass compositions. The alloy and the porcelain have a thermal expansion coefficient of > 14.5 µm/m °C at 20–500°C.
Platinum Complexes for Diagnosing Infections
rijksuniv. leiden World Appl. 92/1,699A
Square planar Pt+2 and octahedral Pt4+ complexes having optionally interconnected ligands, where at least one is labile (L1) and at least one is a detectable marker ligand (L2) are produced for diagnosing infections and genetic deviations. The labile ligand is Me2SO, Cl or H2O, and L2 is a fluorescent ligand, especially derived from fluorescein or tetramethyl rhodamine. The complexes are useful for labelling nucleic acids, for production of labelled hybridisation probes for detecting viruses, bacteria, parasites, genetic deviations or gene expression.
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