First International Workshop on Diffusion and Stresses
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First International Workshop on Diffusion and Stresses
Stress/Strain Effects of Hydrogen Permeating Through Palladium Alloy Membranes
An increasing general appreciation of the importance of stress and accompanying strain factor involvement in solid state physicochem-ical processes has resulted recently in the formation of the First International Workshop on Stress and Diffusion, organised by Professor D. L. Beke of L. Kossuth University, Debrecen, Hungary and held in Balatonfüred, from 26th to 29th May, 1995.
The consequences of stress involvement were reported by internationally well-recognised authorities, in plenary contributions which covered a wide range of topics, including phase relationships, internal friction, precipitate growth and thermodynamic features. In the general study area of thin film interdiffusion and multilayer growth processes, a review by F. M. d‐Heurle, I.B.M. Research Center, Yorktown Heights, U.S.A., and O. Thomas of MATOP, URA CNRS, Marseilles, France, of stresses developed during silicide formation included a specific platinum group element participation in terms of the compositions Pd2Si and Pt2Si.
The influence of stresses which develop in reaction zones as a result of the relatively higher mobility of one of the components, such as platinum in a platinum/silicon carbide diffusion couple, was considered to be a probable controlling source of layer distortions. This was reported in a paper on periodic layer formation in ternary diffusion couples by M. R. Rijnders, A. A. Kodentsov and F. J. van Loo, Laboratory of Solid State Chemistry and Materials Science, Eindhoven and C. Cserháti of L. Kossuth University.
A study of solid state interactions in successively deposited components of thin films, reported by F. B. Barna, G. Zsigmond, A. Csanády and Zs. Radi, Research Institute for Technical Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, considered the levels of importance of stresses concurrently developed in platinum films which were grown upon aluminium film substrates.
Uphill Hydrogen DiflFusion Effects
Evidence of stress/strain factor influences noted during studies of hydrogen permeation through palladium and palladium-alloy membranes has been centred on observations of Uphill Effects.
Uphill Effects are broadly indicative of the presence of membrane cross-sectional regions of hydrogen flux, which are acting in opposition to the concentration gradient, and are “self produced” by the Gorsky-Diffusion-Elastic Effect strain gradients, the latter being associated with expansions of the interstitial sites effected by permeating hydrogen. Uphill Effect observations in sheet and tubular diffusion membranes, which were recorded using measurements of hydrogen gas pressures and of electrode potentials at catalytically active surfaces, have been substantially extended recently by experimental studies from the research groups of B. Baranowski, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, and Y. Sakamoto, University of Nagasaki.
In addition, previous results have also been extended by increased variations of temperature, membrane thickness and other constructional geometries, in further series of measurements that have nowalso been obtained over a wider range of membrane compositions. Overall progress in such recent experimental and complementary theoretical aspects were outlined in a workshop contribution entitled “Gorsky-Diffusion-Elastic Effects of Hydrogen Interstitial Strain Gradients in Palladium and Palladium Alloys”, presented by F. A. Lewis, Queen’s University, Belfast, Y. Sakamoto, University of Nagasaki, K. Kandasamy, University of Jaffna and X. Q. Tong, University of Birmingham.
Uphill Effect research studies, using a tubular form of membrane having a composition similar to that of the initially investigated, and subsequently well-characterised Pd81Pt19 alloy have been extended recently by employing a wider range of temperature, in combination with accurately correlated results from corresponding isothermal equilibrium pressure-hydrogen content (p-n) relationships, by Professor Baranowski and colleagues. A survey of consolidated results and current research progress was comprehensively outlined in a contribution to the Workshop by D. Dudek and B. Baranowski concerning strain gradient influences on hydrogen diffusion coefficients in the Pd81Pt19-H system.
A total of some fifty participants in the Workshop drawn from 12 different countries, contributed to a programme of approximately twenty-five verbal and fifteen poster presentations. Corresponding refereed articles prepared from these contributions are planned to be published in a forthcoming issue of the journal Defect and Diffusion Forum.
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