ABSTRACTS: April 2008
Journal Archive
doi: 10.1595/147106708X300535
ABSTRACTS: April 2008
CATALYSIS – APPLIED AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS
FT-IR Investigation of NOx Storage Properties of Pt–Mg(Al)O and Pt/Cu–Mg(Al)O Catalysts Obtained from Hydrotalcite Compounds
S. MORANDI, F. PRINETTO, G. GHIOTTI, M. LIVI and A. VACCARI, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2008, 107, (1–2), 31–38
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.014
The NOx storage capability upon admission of NO and NO2 with or without excess O2 at ≤ 623 K was investigated by in situ FT-IR for the title catalysts. Pure NO2 is adsorbed by a dismutation reaction with simultaneous formation of nitrates and nitrites that evolve to nitrates (“dismutation route”); nitrite evolution is promoted by the metal phase. When metal phase is present, the nitrites’ oxidation is further accelerated by O2. When O2 is present, NO is stored by: (a) oxidation to nitrites followed by their oxidation to nitrates; or (b) oxidation to NO2, followed by the “dismutation route”. (a) and (b) are promoted by the metal phases.
Complete Oxidation of Methane over Palladium Supported on Alumina Modified with Calcium, Lanthanum, and Cerium Ions
B. STASINSKA, W. GAC, T. IOANNIDES and A. MACHOCKI, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 2007, 16, (4), 342–348
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1003-9953(08)60002-X
The supports for Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/(Al2O3 + MOx) (M = Ca, La, Ce) were prepared by a sol-gel method. They were dried either conventionally or with sc-CO2, and then impregnated with Pd nitrate solution. The introduction of Ca, La or Ce oxide caused a decrease of the surface area, dependent on the support precursor drying method. These modifiers decreased the activity of the Pd catalysts for CH4 oxidation. Improvement of the Pd activity by La and Ce support modifier was observed only at low temperatures.
Carbon Microsphere Supported Pd Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Ethylene
K. C. MONDAL, L. M. CELE, M. J. WITCOMB and N. J. COVILLE, Catal. Commun., 2008, 9, (4), 494–498
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2007.07.043
C microspheres were prepared from acetylene at 800°C. The microspheres were loaded with 2% Pd, both before and after H2SO4/HNO3 acid treatment. The acid-treated C microsphere-supported Pd catalyst exhibited better ethylene hydrogenation activity.
Selective Oxidation of Styrene to Acetophenone over Supported Au–Pd Catalyst with Hydrogen Peroxide in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
X. WANG, N. S. VENKATARAMANAN, H. KAWANAMI and Y. IKUSHIMA, Green Chem., 2007, 9, (12), 1352–1355
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b703458j
Selective oxidation of styrene to acetophenone was carried out over supported Pd-Au catalysts with H2O2 in sc-CO2. The Al2O3 support showed the best catalytic performance. The presence of the sc-CO2 improved the oxidation of styrene to acetophenone and inhibited the formation of byproducts.
CATALYSIS – REACTIONS
Stille Cross-Coupling Reaction Using Pd/BaSO4 as Catalyst Reservoir
A. V. COELHO, A. L. F. DE SOUZA, P. G. DE LIMA, J. L. WARDELL and O. A. C. ANTUNES, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 2008, 22, (1), 39–42
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.1347
Stille cross-couplings of iodobenzene and tributylphenyltin were achieved in EtOH/H2O using different amounts of Pd/BaSO4 as catalyst reservoir in a ligand-free system. The catalyst was reused up to three times with some loss in activity. Filtration of the catalyst and product extraction gave a solution that kept its activity, indicating that Pd(0)/Pd(II) are the catalytic species.
α-Arylation of Ketones Using Highly Active, Air-Stable (DtBPF)PdX2 (X = Cl, Br) Catalysts
G. A. GRASA and T. J. COLACOT, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, (26), 5489–5492
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol702430a
α-Arylation of ketones with aryl chlorides and bromides using (DtBPF)PdX2 (X = Cl, Br) catalysts gave 80–100% yield of the coupled products under relatively mild conditions at low catalyst loadings. The X-ray structure determination of (DtBPF)PdCl2 revealed the largest P–Pd–P bite angle (104.2°) for a ferrocenyl bisphosphine ligand. 31P NMR monitoring of the (DtBPF)PdCl2-catalysed reaction of 4-chlorotoluene with propiophenone indicated that the DtBPF remained coordinated in a bidentate mode.
C-C Coupling Reaction of Triphenylbismuth(V) Derivatives and Olefins in the Presence of Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized in Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes
Y. B. MALYSHEVA, A. V. GUSHCHIN, Y. MEI, Y. LU, M. BALLAUFF, S. PROCH and R. KEMPE, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2008, (3), 379–383
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200700825
C–C couplings were carried out at 50°C using Ph3BiX2 (X = O2CH, O2CMe, O2CEt, O2CnPr, O2CnBu, O2CtBu, O2CPh, O2CCH2Cl, O2CCCl3, O2CCF3) and a range of olefins in the presence of Pd nanoparticles immobilised in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (Pd@SPB). Ph3Bi(O2CCF3)2 was the most active. This route allows the formation of Heck-type products without the addition of base. A very low Pd loading was used.
Ruthenium-Based NHC-Arene Systems as Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerisation Catalysts
N. LEDOUX, B. ALLAERT and F. VERPOORT, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2007, (35), 5578–5583
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200700665
The coordination of the standard NHC ligand H2IMes to [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 was established to be unattainable, so bidentate NHC analogues were synthesised instead. These analogues are O-hydroxyaryl-substituted NHCs, capable of binding with the metal centre through the O atom as well as through the carbene C atom. Their chelating properties improved the stability of the corresponding Ru arene complexes.
FUEL CELLS
Synergistic Effect of CeO2 Modified Pt/C Electrocatalysts on the Performance of PEM Fuel Cells
H. XU and X. HOU, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32, (17), 4397–4401
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.05.041
Pt/C electrocatalysts were modified by CeO2 with sol-gel and dipping processes. TEM and CV results showed that some Pt active surfaces were covered by CeO2, the electrochemical surface area of modified Pt/C was less than that of the unmodified one, and the sol-gel process covered less electrocatalyst surface area than the dipping process. Using modified Pt/C as a cathode electrocatalyst enhanced performance.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electrodeposited Ni–Pd Alloy Electrodes for Methanol Oxidation
K. S. KUMAR, P. HARIDOSS and S. K. SESHADRI, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, (9), 1764–1770
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.07.035
A wide compositional range of Ni-Pd alloy electrocatalysts (1) were prepared by electrodeposition for use as anode materials for DMFCs in alkaline conditions. As-plated (1) were nanocrystalline, single phase, f.c.c. materials, indicating the formation of a complete solid solution in the alloy. Compositional analysis of the alloys indicated that the Pd composition increased with decrease in current density. (1) were active for MeOH oxidation in alkaline medium.
Pd-Co Carbon-Nitride Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
V. DI NOTO, E. NEGRO, S. LAVINA, S. GROSS and G. PACE, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, 53, (4), 1604–1617
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.028
Two groups of materials with the formula Kn[PdxCoyCzNlHm] were synthesised with: (a) molar ratio y:x > 1; and (b) molar ratio y:x < 1. Vibrational studies revealed that (a) and (b) systems consisted of two polymorphs of α- and graphitic-like CN nanomaterials. The electrochemical performance of the Pd-Co-CNs of (a) obtained at tf ≥ 700°C was higher than that measured for a Pt-based commercial electrocatalyst in terms of both activity towards the O reduction and H oxidation reactions; also the resistance towards poisoning by MeOH.
METALLURGY AND MATERIALS
Infrared Spectroscopy of Physisorbed and Chemisorbed N2 in the Pt(111)(3×3)N2 Structure
K. GUSTAFSSON, G. S. KARLBERG and S. ANDERSSON, J. Chem. Phys., 2007, 127, (19), 194708 (6 pages)
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2804869
The adsorption of N2, at 30 K, on Pt(111) and Pt(111)(1×1)H surfaces was investigated using IR spectroscopy and LEED. The IR spectra revealed that N2 exclusively physisorbed on the Pt(111)(1×1)H surface, whereas both physisorbed and chemisorbed N2 were detected on the Pt(111) surface. Physisorbed N2 was the majority species in the latter case, and the two adsorption states showed an almost identical uptake behaviour, which indicates that they are intrinsic constituents of the growing (3×3) N2 islands.
Synthesis of Colloidal Particles of Poly(2-vinylpyridine)-Coated Palladium and Platinum in Organic Solutions under the High Temperatures and High Pressures
M. HARADA, M. UEJI and Y. KIMURA, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2008, 315, (1–3), 304–310
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.07.012
Colloidal dispersions of PVP-coated Pd and Pt particles in toluene/1-propanol were synthesised by the decomposition and reduction of Pd(acac)2 and Pt(acac)2 respectively under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. At 473 K and 25 MPa, colloidal dispersions ([Pd] = 7.5 mM) of Pd particles of average diameter 1.9 nm with narrow particle size distributions, were synthesised within seconds. Pt particles (average diameter of 2.1 nm) were also obtained.
Synthesis of Palladium Nanowire Arrays with Controlled Diameter and Length
G. KARTOPU, S. HABOUTI and M. ES-SOUNI, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2008, 107, (2–3), 226–230
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.07.008
Pd nanowire (NW) arrays were synthesised using porous alumina templates and direct current electrodeposition. The electrolyte was K2PdCl4 in H2SO4. Final pore sizes of the alumina templates were ∼ 65 and 35 nm. A high filling rate (> 90%) was obtained using 65 µm thick templates. The NWs synthesised in 65 nm pores were polycrystalline and textured, but those in 35 nm pores were single crystalline. The alumina template was dissolved away, leaving self-standing NWs supported on a conductive thin film.
Creep Deformation Mechanisms in Ru-Ni-Al Ternary B2 Alloys
F. CAO and T. M. POLLOCK, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, 39, (1), 39–49
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9363-7
The creep behaviour of five Ru-Ni-Al alloys with compositions across the ternary RuAl-NiAl B2 phase field was studied within the range 1223–1323 K. These alloys exhibited exceptional creep strength compared to other high melting temperature intermetallics. A continuous increase of the melting temperature and creep resistance with increasing Ru:Ni ratio was observed.
APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUE
Temperature-Independent Ceria- and Pt-Doped Nano-Size TiO2 Oxygen Lambda Sensor Using Pt/SiO2 Catalytic Filter
F. HAGHIGHAT, A. KHODADADI and Y. MORTAZAVI, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 2008, 129, (1), 47–52
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2007.07.068
The overlap of TiO2-based O2 sensor responses in the rich and lean regions was eliminated by using a 1.0 wt.% Pt/SiO2 catalytic filter (1) located in front of the sensors. Nanosized TiO2 was prepared by a microemulsion method and then doped with 1.0 wt.% Pt and 10.0 wt.% CeO2 by an impregnation method. The sensor was exposed to synthetic exhaust gases with λ values in the range 0.8–1.4. All of the sensors showed low-high transitions at about λ = 1.0. By using (1) only CO or O2 reaches the sensors.
Electrochemical DNA Biosensors Based on Palladium Nanoparticles Combined with Carbon Nanotubes
Z. CHANG, H. FAN, K. ZHAO, M. CHEN, P. HE and Y. FANG, Electroanalysis, 2008, 20, (2), 131–136
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.200704023
MWCNTs and Pd nanoparticles were dispersed in Nafion, and used to modify a GCE. Oligonucleotides with amino groups at the 5′ end were covalently linked to carboxylic groups of MWCNTs on the electrode. The hybridisation events were monitored by differential pulse voltammetry using methylene blue as an indicator. The detection limit of the method for target DNA was 1.2 × 10−13 M.
Hydrogen Permeation of Thin, Free-Standing Pd/Ag23% Membranes Before and After Heat Treatment in Air
A. L. MEJDELL, H. KLETTE, A. RAMACHANDRAN, A. BORG and R. BREDESEN, J. Membrane Sci., 2008, 307, (1), 96–104
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.09.024
The title membranes (thicknesses ∼ 1.3–5.0 µm) were produced by magnetron sputtering. Thermal treatment in air at 300°C significantly enhanced their H2 flux. The permeability values became fairly similar after treatment, indicating bulk diffusion was the main rate-limiting step for H2 flux. The effect on permeation was found to depend on the membrane thickness, with less enhancement for the ∼ 5.0 µm thick membranes. The treated samples had higher surface roughness, larger surface area and larger surface grains.
BIOMEDICAL AND DENTAL
On the Hydrolysis Mechanism of the Second-Generation Anticancer Drug Carboplatin
M. PAVELKA, M. F. A. LUCAS and N. RUSSO, Chem. Eur. J., 2007, 13, (36), 10108–10116
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200700887
The hydrolysis reaction mechanisms of carboplatin were investigated by combining DFT with the conductor-like dielectric continuum model (CPCM) approach. The theoretical calculations on carboplatin were used to obtain energy profiles and optimised structures for the rate-limiting process in its neutral hydrolysis. The results indicated that if carboplatin undergoes a hydration process, it should be doubly hydrated prior to reaction with DNA.
CHEMISTRY
Double Complex Salts of Pt and Pd Ammines with Zn and Ni Oxalates – Promising Precursors of Nanosized Alloys
A. V. ZADESENETS, E. YU. FILATOV, K. V. YUSENKO, YU. V. SHUBIN, S. V. KORENEV and I. A. BAIDINA, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 2008, 361, (1), 199–207
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2007.07.006
[M(NH3)4][M′(Ox)2(H2O)2]•2H2O (M = Pd, Pt; M′ = Ni, Zn) were synthesised from solutions containing [M(NH3)4]2+ and [M′(Ox)2(H2O)2]2–. Thermal decomposition of the prepared salts in He or H2 atmosphere at 200–400°C resulted in formation of nanosized bimetallic powders with crystallite sizes 50–250 Å.
PHOTOCONVERSION
Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescent Emission (AIPE) of Iridium(III) Complexes
Q. ZHAO, L. LI, F. LI, M. YU, Z. LIU, T. YI and C. HUANG, Chem. Commun., 2008, (6), 685–687
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b712416c
An AIPE was observed for Ir(ppy)2(DBM) and Ir(ppy)2(SB) (DBM = 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione, SB = 2-(naphthalen-1-yliminomethyl)phenol). These Ir(III) complexes, in powder form, exhibited moderately intense emissions. Furthermore, addition of non-solvent H2O into dilute MeCN solutions can turn on their photoluminescent emission.
Ultrafast Luminescence in Ir(ppy)3
G. J. HEDLEY, A. RUSECKAS and I. D. W. SAMUEL, Chem. Phys. Lett., 2008, 450, (4–6), 292–296
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.028
For Ir(ppy)3, an emission with a lifetime component of 230 fs in the spectral region 500–560 nm is assigned to the population equilibration between electronic substates of the lowest excited triplet state, with energy dissipation by intramolecular vibrational redistribution. At shorter wavelengths a strong emission with a faster decay was observed, which is attributed to a state with a higher admixture of singlet character. A slower decay on a 3 ps timescale is attributed to vibrational cooling.
SURFACE COATINGS
Platinum OMCVD Processes and Precursor Chemistry
C. THURIER and P. DOPPELT, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2008, 252, (1–2), 155–169
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.005
Organometallic chemical vapour deposition (OMCVD) allows the formation of Pt thin films as a fine dispersion of Pt particles. Pt precursors having good volatility and a good thermal stability window are available. The best systems are MeCpPtMe3 and EtCpPtMe3, the latter being O2- and H2O-stable at ambient temperature. (cod)Pt(Me)2 is less volatile but it is easily synthesised in high yield. These precursors benefit from facile decomposition under the CVD conditions. Decomposition is rapid in the presence of O2(g) or H2(g). Films can be obtained with only traces of impurities, C being the most common. (97 Refs.)
Electrochemical Formation of Ir Oxide/Polyaniline Composite Films
H. ELZANOWSKA, E. MIASEK and V. I. BIRSS, Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53, (6), 2706–2715
LINK http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.08.065
IrOx/PANI composite films were made by forming an anodic IrOx film on bulk Ir and then depositing PANI into its pores. All of the PANI film that was electrochemically active was in direct electrical contact with the Ir surface at the base of the IrOx film pores. Thin films of Ir nanoparticles, subsequently converted to IrOx, were also used as a template for PANI formation within the porous structure. These hybrid films exhibited an enhanced internal porosity, high charge densities, unusual electrochromic behaviour, and very rapid charge transfer kinetics.
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