oa Frédéric Kuhlmann

References

1. A. Thépot, An excellent recent article is Revue du Nord, 1985, 67, 527–46; [Google Scholar]
2. B. Méchin, see also Le Monde industriel, 1974, no. du centenaire, 12 pp. [Google Scholar]
3. A house history is “Cent ans d’industrie chimique: les Établissements Kuhlmann, 1825–1925”, Établissements Kuhlmann, Paris, 1926. In 1966 the firm joined with Ugine to become Ugine-Kuhlmann S.A. [Google Scholar]
4. Including supplementary patents, Thépot, (Ref. 1), 533–4
5. Incomplete list in the Royal Society’s “Catalogue of Scientific Papers”. Kuhlmann’s papers are mostly in his “Recherches scientifiques et publications diverses”, Masson, Paris, 1877
6. R. Berr, Previous studies include “Un précurseur de la catalyse: les brevets de Frédéric Kuhlmann de 1838”, Chimie et Industrie, Paris, 1939 (reprinted from “Dix-huitième congrès de chimie industrielle, Nancy, 22 septembre–2 octobre 1938”); [Google Scholar]
7. A. Mittasch, “Salpetersäure aus Ammoniak: geschichtliche Entwicklung der Ammoniakoxydation bis 1920”, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1953, ch. 1 [Google Scholar]
8. J. B. A. Dumas, Comptes rendus, 1881, 92, 347–8 [Google Scholar]
9. A. L. Lavoisier, “Oeuvres”, Vol. 5, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1892, pp. 468–71 [Google Scholar]
10. Longchamp, Ann. chim. phys., 1826, 33, 5–29; [Google Scholar]
11. id., Rev. sci., 1848, 33, 177–215 [Google Scholar]
12. The following derives primarily from Kuhlmann, (Ref. 4), 240–57, [ 1838]
13. J. G. Smith, “The Origins and Early Development of the Heavy Chemical Industry in France”, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979, pp. 63–8 [Google Scholar]
14. Kuhlmann, 1859], pp. 406–7
15. J. B. A. Dumas, “Traité de chimie”, Vol. 2, Béchet Jeune, Paris, 1828, p. 726 [Google Scholar]
16. Kuhlmann, (Ref. 4), 315–29, [ 1840], p. 316
17. Ibid., 240–57, [ 1838], p. 257
18. Comptes rendus, 1839, 9, 496–501 [Google Scholar]
19. D. McDonald, L. B. Hunt, “A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals”, Johnson Matthey, London, 1982, p. 394 [Google Scholar]
20. French patents of 22 December 1838 and supplementary patent of 7 June 1839, all applied for in October 1838, Berr, (Ref. 5)
21. Comptes rendus, 1838, 7, 1107–10, p. 1109 [Google Scholar]
22. Kuhlmann, (Ref. 4), 351–65, [ 1846], pp. 361–2, 365
23. E. Frémy, “Encyclopédie chimique”, Vol. 5, section 1, Dunod, Paris, 1883, part 1, p. 262; [Google Scholar]
24. Berr, (Ref. 5), p. 4, quoting Pelouze and Frémy, “Cours de chimie générale”, 1848
25. M. Lenglen, “Frédéric Kuhlmann, agronome”, L’Industrie Chimique, Paris, 1942 [Google Scholar]
26. F. W. J. McCosh, “Boussingault: Chemist and Agriculturist”, Reidel, 1984, pp. 133–5 [Google Scholar]
27. In the rural economy section
28. Dumas, (Ref. 6)
29. Lenglen, (Ref. 21), p. 18
30. Report to Academy, 1873, quoted by Thépot, (Ref. 1), 535