Skip to content
1887
Volume 64, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2056-5135

Abstract

Recycling of plastic is an established technology contributing to a circular economy. A sustainable society requires recycling to produce high quality feedstocks from all types of reusable waste. New recycling technologies will help to improve waste management practices, for instance dissolving plastic waste in a solvent to purify and maintain its material properties. In solution it is also possible to depolymerise polymers into monomers that can be used to remake virgin-grade material. In this review the advantages and disadvantages of three solvent-based recycling processes will be considered: separation of cotton and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) textiles, chemical recycling of polylactic acid (PLA) and dissolution-precipitation of polyvinylchloride (PVC). The current state of the art and future prospects are discussed, including a brief overview of how solvents are being used to process other types of plastic waste.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1595/205651319X15574756736831
2020-01-01
2024-11-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmtr/64/1/Sherwood_16a_Imp.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1595/205651319X15574756736831&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. L. Shen, E. Worrell, M. K. Patel, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining, 2012, 6, (6), 625 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1368 [Google Scholar]
  2. J. H. Clark, T. J. Farmer, L. Herrero-Davila, J. Sherwood, Green Chem., 2016, 18, (14), 3914 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/c6gc00501b [Google Scholar]
  3. J. A. Mathews, H. Tan, Nature, 2016, 531, (7595), 440 LINK https://doi.org/10.1038/531440a [Google Scholar]
  4. H. Wiesmeth, D. Häckl, Waste Manag. Res., 2011, 29, (9), 891 LINK https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x11413333 [Google Scholar]
  5. Y. Gupt, S. Sahay, Waste Manag. Res., 2015, 33, (7), 595 LINK https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x15592275 [Google Scholar]
  6. R. Lozano, A. Carpenter, F. J. Lozano, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2014, 86, 53 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  7. ‘Sector: Clothing and Fashion industry’, Good Practices, European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform, European Union: LINK https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/good-practices?key_area=All&sector=196&country=All&org_type=All&funding_type=All&identified_challenge=All&scope=All&title (Accessed on 7th March 2019) [Google Scholar]
  8. “The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics and Catalysing Action”, Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Cowes, UK, 2017, 66 pp LINK https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action [Google Scholar]
  9. “Handbook of Plastics Recycling”, ed. F. La, Mantia, Rapra Technology Ltd, Shrewsbury, UK, 2002 [Google Scholar]
  10. J. M. Garcia, M. L. Robertson, Science, 2017, 358, (6365), 870 LINK https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0324 [Google Scholar]
  11. ‘Plastics – Recycled Plastics – Characterisation of Plastics Waste’, EN 15347:2007, CEN, Brussels, Belgium, 2007 LINK https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:110:0::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_ORG_ID:22665,6230&cs=1C869F355C35971A71BEAC2CACD3F13B3 [Google Scholar]
  12. M. Hong, E. Y.-X. Chen, Green Chem., 2017, 19, (16), 3692 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/c7gc01496a [Google Scholar]
  13. Y.-B. Zhao, X.-D. Lv, H.-G. Ni, Chemosphere, 2018, 209, 707 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.095 [Google Scholar]
  14. J. C. J. Bart, E. Gucciardi, S. Cavallaro, “Biolubricants: Science and Technology”, Series in Energy, No. 46, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2013, 944 pp [Google Scholar]
  15. J. Sherwood, J. H. Clark, T. J. Farmer, L. Herrero-Davila, L. Moity, Molecules, 2017, 22, (1), 48 LINK https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010048 [Google Scholar]
  16. ‘PET Recycling Industry Installed Capacity Reviewed’, Plastics Recyclers Europe, Brussels, Belgium, 3rd July, 2018 LINK https://www.plasticsrecyclers.eu/pet-recycling-industry-installed-capacity-reviewed [Google Scholar]
  17. S. L. Serad, Hoechst Celanese Corp,, ‘Polyester Dissolution for Polyester/Cotton Blend Recycle’, US Patent 5,342,854; 1994 [Google Scholar]
  18. G. J. Brinks, G. H. Bouwhuis, P. B. Agrawal, H. Gooijer, Agrawal Ecolabs, Filo Engineering, Gerrit Bouwhuis BV and Brinks Management Advice/Techne BV,, ‘Processing of Cotton-Polyester Waste Textile’, World Patent Appl. 2014/081,291 [Google Scholar]
  19. ‘Worn Again Technologies Breaks Boundaries, Raising £5 Million Investment, Accelerating It To Market’, Worn Again, London, UK, 14th July, 2018 LINK http://wornagain.co.uk/worn-again-press-release-july-2018/ [Google Scholar]
  20. A. Walker, Worn Again Footwear and Accessories Ltd,, ‘Polyester Recycling’, World Patent Appl. 2014/045,062 [Google Scholar]
  21. J. G. Poulakis, C. D. Papaspyrides, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001, 81, (1), 91 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1417 [Google Scholar]
  22. J. Sherwood, T. J. Farmer, J. H. Clark, Chem, 2018, 4, (9), 2010 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.08.035 [Google Scholar]
  23. A. Walker, Worn Again Footwear and Accessories Ltd,, ‘Recycling Process’, World Patent Appl. 2016/012,755 [Google Scholar]
  24. D. Prat, A. Wells, J. Hayler, H. Sneddon, C. R. McElroy, S. Abou-Shehada, P. J. Dunn, Green Chem., 2016, 18, (1), 288 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01008j [Google Scholar]
  25. T. Nakao, T. Chikatsune, M. Nakashima, M. Suzuki, H. Nagano, Teijin Ltd,, ‘Method for Recycling PET Bottle’, US Patent 7,462,649; 2008 [Google Scholar]
  26. A. Carné Sánchez, S. R. Collinson, Eur. Polym. J., 2011, 47, (10), 1970 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.07.013 [Google Scholar]
  27. L. Alaerts, M. Augustinus, K. Van Acker, Sustainability, 2018, 10, (5), 1487 LINK https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051487 [Google Scholar]
  28. A. Ulrici, S. Serranti, C. Ferrari, D. Cesare, G. Foca, G. Bonifazi, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 2013, 122, 31 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2013.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  29. E. A. Foley, J. R. Campanelli, B. L. Anneaux, Zeus Industrial Products Inc,, ‘Polymer Alcoholysis’, US Patent Appl. 2018/0,051,156 [Google Scholar]
  30. B. Anneaux, J. Campanelli, E. Foley, ‘Low Temperature Solution Depolymerization of PLA’, Zeus Industrial Products, Orangeburg, USA, 5pp: LINK https://www.zeusinc.com/solutions-and-services/pla-recycling/ (Accessed on 7th March 2019) [Google Scholar]
  31. E. Castro-Aguirre, F. Iñiguez-Franco, H. Samsudin, X. Fang, R. Auras, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2016, 107, 333 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  32. P. Coszach, J.-C. Bogaert, J. Willocq, ‘Chemical Recycling of PLA by Hydrolysis’, US Patent 8,431,683; 2013 [Google Scholar]
  33. J. Sherwood, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., 2018, 57, (43), 14286 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800549 [Google Scholar]
  34. P. Coszach, J.-C. Bogaert, J. Willocq, ‘Chemical Recycling of PLA by Alcoholysis’, US Patent 8,481,675; 2013 [Google Scholar]
  35. M. F. Cosate de Andrade, P. M. S. Souza, O. Cavalett, A. R. Morales, J. Polym. Environ., 2016, 24, (4), 372 LINK https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0787-2 [Google Scholar]
  36. V. Piemonte, S. Sabatini, F. Gironi, J. Polym. Environ., 2013, 21, (3), 640 LINK https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0608-9 [Google Scholar]
  37. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, F. Deri, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 2013, 98, (12), 2801 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.025 [Google Scholar]
  38. M. Niaounakis, Eur. Poly. J., 2019, 114, 464 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.027 [Google Scholar]
  39. ‘Closure of Operation in Italy / Phthalates Issue Under REACH Brings Down European PVC Recycling Project’, Plasteurope.com, 4th July, 2018: LINK https://www.plasteurope.com/news/VINYLOOP_t240095/ (Accessed on 6th August 2019)
  40. ‘Solvay’s First PVC Recycling Plant Onstream’, Plasteurope.com, 7th March, 2002: LINK https://www.plasteurope.com/news/detail.asp?id=16171 (Accessed on 5th March 2019)
  41. B. Vandenhende, J.-P. Dumont, ‘Method for Recycling a Plastic Material’, World Patent Appl. 2001/070,865 [Google Scholar]
  42. B. Vandenhende, J.-M. Yernaux, J. Scheffer, ‘Process for Recycling Polyvinyl Chloride Articles’, European Patent Appl. 1999/945,481 [Google Scholar]
  43. ‘Authorisation List’, ECHA, Helsinki, Finland: LINK https://echa.europa.eu/authorisation-list (Accessed on 7th March 2019)
  44. ‘Substance Information – Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate’, ECHA, Helsinki, Finland: LINK https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.003.829 (Accessed on 7th March 2019)
  45. ‘Adopted Opinions and Previous Consultations on Applications for Authorisation – Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate’, ECHA, Helsinki, Finland: LINK https://echa.europa.eu/applications-for-authorisation-previous-consultations/-/substance-rev/1621/term (Accessed on 7th March 2019)
  46. “Plastics – The Facts 2018 – An Analysis of European Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data”, PlasticsEurope, Brussels, Belgium, 2018 LINK https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/publications/619-plastics-facts-2018 [Google Scholar]
  47. R. Miandad, M. A. Barakat, A. S. Aburiazaiza, M. Rehan, A. S. Nizami, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 2016, 102, 822 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.022 [Google Scholar]
  48. ‘SPR Japan: World’s Largest Waste-Plastics-to-Oil Recovery Plant (CHP Facility)’, Klean Industries, Vancouver, Canada: LINK http://www.kleanindustries.com/s/sapporo_plastics_pyrolysis_recycling_plant.asp (Accessed on 7th March 2019)
  49. ‘RT7000 – Engineering’, Recycling Technologies, Swindon, UK: LINK https://recyclingtechnologies.co.uk/technology/the-rt7000/ (Accessed on 7th March 2019)
  50. ‘BASF for the First Time Makes Products with Chemically Recycled Plastics’, P385/18e, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany, 13th December, 2018 LINK https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-releases/2018/12/p-18-385.html
  51. G. Pappa, C. Boukouvalas, C. Giannaris, N. Ntaras, V. Zografos, K. Magoulas, A. Lygeros, D. Tassios, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2001, 34, (1), 33 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-3449(01)00092-1 [Google Scholar]
  52. D. S. Achilias, C. Roupakias, P. Megalokonomos, A. A. Lappas, E. V. Antonakou, J. Hazard. Mater., 2007, 149, (3), 536 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.076 [Google Scholar]
  53. R. J. Sperber, S. L. Rosen, Polym. Eng. Sci., 1976, 16, (4), 246 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760160405 [Google Scholar]
  54. S. Yousef, T. Mumladze, M. Tatariants, R. Kriūkienė, V. Makarevicius, R. Bendikiene, G. Denafas, J. Clean. Prod., 2018, 197, 379 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.154 [Google Scholar]
  55. T. Mumladze, S. Yousef, M. Tatariants, R. Kriūkienė, V. Makarevicius, S.-I. Lukošiūtė, R. Bendikiene, G. Denafas, Green Chem., 2018, 20, (15), 3604 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01062e [Google Scholar]
  56. S. Abou-Shehada, J. H. Clark, G. Paggiola, J. Sherwood, Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensif., 2016, 99, 88 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.07.005 [Google Scholar]
  57. R. Preston, ‘Rejected Recycling Soars in Latest Figures’, MRW, EMAP Publishing Ltd, London, UK, 19th December, 2016 LINK https://www.mrw.co.uk/latest/rejected-recycling-soars-in-latestfigures/10015919.article [Google Scholar]
  58. M. Paci, F. P. La Mantia, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 1999, 63, (1), 11 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(98)00053-6 [Google Scholar]
  59. D. Braun, Prog. Polym. Sci., 2002, 27, (10), 2171 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(02)00036-9 [Google Scholar]
  60. T. Maharana, Y. S. Negi, B. Mohanty, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 2007, 46, (7), 729 LINK https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550701273963 [Google Scholar]
  61. P. G. Jessop, L. Kozycz, Z. G. Rahami, D. Schoenmakers, A. R. Boyd, D. Wechsler, A. M. Holland, Green Chem., 2011, 13, (3), 619 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/c0gc00806k [Google Scholar]
  62. M. T. García, I. Gracia, G. Duque, A. de Lucas, J. F. Rodríguez, Waste Manag., 2009, 29, (6), 1814 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  63. T. Noguchi, M. Miyashita, Y. Inagaki, H. Watanabe, Packag. Technol. Sci., 1998, 11, (1), 19 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1522(199802)11:1<19::aid-pts414>3.3.co;2-x [Google Scholar]
  64. Y. Ran, F. Byrne, I. D. V. Ingram, M. North, ChemSusChem, 2019, 25, (19), 4951 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201900228 [Google Scholar]
  65. ‘Poisoning the Poor – Electronic Waste in Ghana’, Greenpeace, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 5th August, 2008 LINK https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-africa/en/News/news/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/ [Google Scholar]
  66. G. S. Weeden, N. H. Soepriatna, N.-H. L. Wang, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2015, 49, (4), 2425 LINK https://doi.org/10.1021/es5055786 [Google Scholar]
  67. Y.-B. Zhao, X.-D. Lv, W.-D. Yang, H.-G. Ni, Waste Manag., 2017, 69, 393 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.018 [Google Scholar]
  68. S. R. Chandrasekaran, S. Avasarala, D. Murali, N. Rajagopalan, B. K. Sharma, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2018, 6, (4), 4594 LINK https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03282 [Google Scholar]
  69. D. S. Achilias, E. V. Antonakou, E. Koutsokosta, A. A. Lappas, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2009, 114, (1), 212 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/app.30533 [Google Scholar]
  70. P. Evangelopoulos, S. Arato, H. Persson, E. Kantarelis, W. Yang, Waste Manag., 2019, 94, 165 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.018 [Google Scholar]
  71. C.-C. Zhang, F.-S. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater., 2012, 221–222, 193 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.033 [Google Scholar]
  72. K. Freegard, G. Tan, R. Morton, “Develop a Process to Separate Brominated Flame Retardants from WEEE Polymers – Final Report”, The Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), Banbury, UK, November, 2006, 335 pp LINK http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/BrominatedWithAppendices.3712.pdf [Google Scholar]
  73. A. Maeurer, M. Schlummer, O. Beck, US Patent 8,138,232; 2012 [Google Scholar]
  74. A. L. Brooks, S. Wang, J. R. Jambeck, Sci. Adv., 2018, 4, (6), eaat0131 LINK https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0131 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1595/205651319X15574756736831
Loading
/content/journals/10.1595/205651319X15574756736831
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test