Skip to content
1887
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Johnson Matthey Technology Review
  4. Volume 66, Issue 4
  5. Article
Volume 66, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 2056-5135
file format pdf download PDF

Abstract

Ammonia will be utilised as a key energy vector for storage and long-distance transport in the developing hydrogen economy. Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs) have the potential to decrease the process complexity of current fuel cell technology and therefore increase overall efficiency and unit footprint where implemented. In this paper, current DAFC technologies are explored, such as solid oxide, alkaline and ammonia borane fuel cells. From this, it is shown that solid oxide fuel cells with oxygen conducting electrolyte (SOFC-O) have high experimental power outputs of 1100 mW cm–2 but have disadvantages of high nitrogen oxides (NOx) production, lower fuel utilisation and low efficiency. Alkaline and ammonia borane fuel cells are of lesser interest due to complex ammonia pretreatment, high NOx production and lower power outputs of 450 mW cm–2 and 110 mW cm–2, respectively. Solid oxide fuel cells with proton conducting electrolyte (SOFC-H) seem to have the most potential due to high theoretical power outputs, high efficiency, increased fuel utilisation and low NOx production. DAFC technology has yet to reach full commercialisation, but as the hydrogen economy develops the potential benefits of DAFCs in complexity and footprint reduction will drive further investment and development, particularly in the shipping sector.

© Johnson Matthey
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416
2022-07-28
2024-12-22
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmtr/66/4/Cai_16a_Imp.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. “Ammonia: Zero-Carbon Fertiliser, Fuel and Energy Store”, Policy Briefing DES5711, The Royal Society, London, UK, February, 2020, 40 pp LINK https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf [Google Scholar]
  2. G. Jeerh, M. Zhang, S. Tao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, (2), 727 LINK https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta08810b [Google Scholar]
  3. J. Ganley, ‘Ammonia Fuel Cell Systems’, NH3Fuel Conference 2005, Argonne, USA, 13th–14th October, 2005, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ganley_fuelcell.pdf [Google Scholar]
  4. H. Kobayashi, A. Hayakawa, K. D. K. A. Somarathne, E. C. Okafor, Proc. Combust. Inst., 2019, 37, (1), 109 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029 [Google Scholar]
  5. D. Erdemir, I. Dincer, Int. J. Energy Res., 2021, 45, (4), 4827 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6232 [Google Scholar]
  6. A. Afif, N. Radenahmad, Q. Cheok, S. Shams, J. H. Kim, A. K. Azad, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2016, 60, 822 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.120 [Google Scholar]
  7. I. Dincer, C. Zamfirescu, ‘Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Systems’, in “Advanced Power Generation Systems”, Ch. 4, Elsevier Inc,Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014, pp. 143–198 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-383860-5.00004-3 [Google Scholar]
  8. S. A. Kalogirou, ‘Industrial Process Heat, Chemistry Applications, and Solar Dryers’, in “Solar Energy Engineering”, 2nd Edn., Processes and Systems Series, Ch. 7, Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014, pp. 397–429 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397270-5.00007-8 [Google Scholar]
  9. O. Siddiqui, I. Dincer, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog., 2018, 5, 568 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.02.011 [Google Scholar]
  10. A. Klaessig, S. Taamallah, J. Wainwright, ‘“Low-Carbon” Ammonia: A Review of the Status of Ammonia from Low-Carbon Production Processes for Energy Use’, Hydrogen and Renewable Gas Forum, Spring 2021 Workshop Season Webinar, IHS Markit, London, UK, 29th April, 2021 [Google Scholar]
  11. Y. A. Gomez, A. Oyarce, G. Lindbergh, C. Lagergren, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2018, 165, (3), F 189 LINK https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0761803jes [Google Scholar]
  12. R. Bove, ‘Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Principles, Designs and State-of-the-Art in Industries,’ in “Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology”, ed. S. Basu, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India, 2007, pp. 267–285 LINK https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68815-2_11 [Google Scholar]
  13. R. Abbasi, P. B. Setzler, J. Wang, Y. Zhao, T. Wang, S. Gottesfeld, Y. Yan, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 2020, 21, 335 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.03.021 [Google Scholar]
  14. R. Lan, S. Tao, Front. Energy Res., 2014, 2, 35 LINK https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00035 [Google Scholar]
  15. R. Lan, S. Tao, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 2010, 13, (8), B83 LINK https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3428469 [Google Scholar]
  16. S. H. Crolius, ‘More Progress for Automotive-Oriented Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 3rd January, 2019 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/more-progress-for-automotive-oriented-direct-ammonia-fuel-cells/ [Google Scholar]
  17. H. Li, Q. Yang, X. Chen, S. G. Shore, J. Organomet. Chem., 2014, 751, 60 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.08.044 [Google Scholar]
  18. X. Chen, X. Bao, B. Billet, S. G. Shore, J.-C. Zhao, Chem. Eur. J., 2012, 18, (38), 11994 LINK https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201342 [Google Scholar]
  19. M. Felderhoff, ‘Functional Materials for Hydrogen Storage’, in “Functional Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications”, Ch. 8, Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK, 2012, pp. 217–245 LINK https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096371.2.217 [Google Scholar]
  20. Y. Kojima, H. Miyaoka, T. Ichikawa, ‘Hydrogen Storage Materials’, in “New and Future Developments in Catalysis”, Batteries, Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cell Series, Ch. 5, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013, pp. 99– 136 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53880-2.00006-5 [Google Scholar]
  21. X.-B. Zhang, S. Han, J.-M. Yan, M. Chandra, H. Shioyama, K. Yasuda, N. Kuriyama, T. Kobayashi, Q. Xu, J. Power Sources, 2007, 168, (1), 167 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.009 [Google Scholar]
  22. I. Dincer, O. Siddiqui, ‘Conclusions and Future Directions’, in “Ammonia Fuel Cells”, Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020, pp. 233–237 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822825-8.00008-6 [Google Scholar]
  23. ‘Yara & Azane Fuel Solutions to Establish a Carbon-Free Ammonia Fuel Bunker Network’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 6th April, 2022 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/yara-azane-fuel-solutions-to-establish-a-carbon-free-ammonia-fuel-bunker-network/ [Google Scholar]
  24. ‘Ammonia’, Topsoe A/S, Lyngby, Denmark:https://www.topsoe.com/processes/ammonia (Accessed on 21st April 2022) [Google Scholar]
  25. ‘Mitsubishi Power Commences Development of World’s First Ammonia-Fired 40MW Class Gas Turbine System: Targets to Expand Lineup of Carbon-Free Power Generation Options, with Commercialization around 2025’, Mitsubishi Power Ltd, Yokohama, Japan, 1st March, 2021 LINK https://power.mhi.com/news/20210301.html [Google Scholar]
  26. C. Hagelüken, Platinum Metals Rev., 2012, 56, (1), 29 LINK https://technology.matthey.com/article/56/1/29-35/ [Google Scholar]
  27. ‘Bloom Energy and Samsung Heavy Industries Team Up to Build Ships Powered by Solid Oxide Fuel Cells’, Bloom Energy, San Jose, USA, 25th September, 2019 LINK https://www.bloomenergy.com/news/bloom-energy-and-samsung-heavy-industries-team-up-to-build-ships-powered-by-solid-oxide-fuel-cells/ [Google Scholar]
  28. ‘Fuel Cell System Developed for Fuel Flexibility’, The Motorship Marine Technology, Fareham, UK, 6th October, 2020 LINK https://www.motorship.com/fuel-cell-system-developed-for-fuel-flexibility/1349116.article [Google Scholar]
  29. ‘Doosan/Hyundai Develop Ceres Fuel Cell Technology and Company Announces £181mln Successful Fundraising’, Fuel Cells Works,Montréal, Canada,18th March, 2021 LINK https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/doosan-hyundai-develop-ceres-fuel-cell-technology-and-company-announces-181mln-successful-fundraising/ [Google Scholar]
  30. J. Atchison, ‘Barents Blue Ammonia Plant Gains New Partners, Set to Triple in Size’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 15th September, 2021 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/barents-blue-ammonia-plant-gains-new-partners-set-to-triple-in-size/ [Google Scholar]
  31. Yonhap,, ‘Daewoo Wins Approval for Ammonia-Fired Ship from Lloyd’s Register’, The Korea Herald, Seoul, South Korea, 6th October, 2020 LINK http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20201006000301 [Google Scholar]
  32. S. H. Crolius, ‘Ammonia-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Advance at Kyoto University’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 20th July, 2017 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/ammonia-fueled-solid-oxide-fuel-cell-advance-at-kyoto-university/ [Google Scholar]
  33. L. Barelli, G. Bidini, G. Cinti, Energies, 2020, 13, (23), 6173 LINK https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236173 [Google Scholar]
  34. T. Brown, ‘IHI Corporation Pushes its Ammonia Combustion Technologies Closer to Commercialization’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 11th October, 2019 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/ihi-corporation-pushes-its-ammonia-combustion-technologies-closer-to-commercialization/ [Google Scholar]
  35. T. Brown, ‘Ammonia Fuel Cells: SOFC Stack Test and System Analysis’, Ammonia Energy Association, New York, USA, 7th October, 2016 LINK https://www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/ammonia-fuel-cells-sofc-stack-test-and-system-analysis/ [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416
Loading
Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells
Johnson Matthey Technology Review 66, 479 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416
/content/journals/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416
/content/journals/10.1595/205651322X16584143272416
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test