oa The Development of Rare Earth Based Permanent Magnets and Its Relation to The Development of Circular Economy

Permanent magnet is a crucial material for the development of electrinics and telecommunications technology nowdays.  During the early modern era, the development of permanent magnet materials focused on finding new material with maximum (BH)Max criteria.  Currently, the rare earth-based alloy permanent magnet materials, such as Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B, are the most advanced permanent magnet materials and have the most superior magnetic properties among other magnetic materials.  Research and development in permanent magnets currently focuses more on engineering existing magnetic materials and developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly rare earth permanent magnet production system, in order to realize a circular economy system in the permanent magnet industry.