oa Platinum Group Metal High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts for Water Electrolysis: Opportunities and Challenges

High-entropy alloy (HEA) electrocatalysts have emerged as a transformative platform in the pursuit of efficient, robust water electrolysis. By harnessing compositional complexity and synergistic interactions between multiple metallic elements, HEAs offer a route to simultaneously enhance activity, durability, and tunability for both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. This review surveys recent advances in the synthesis, structural engineering, and electrochemical performance of HEA-based nanomaterials ranging from nanoparticles and aerogels to nanofibers and thin films. Particular focus is given to the interplay of atomic distribution, surface properties, and electronic structure in dictating catalytic behavior, as well as to the growing body of bifunctional and pH-universal catalysts. Outstanding challenges, including compositional optimization, stability in harsh environments, and scalable fabrication, are critically evaluated. Finally, future prospects for data-driven design and operando insights are discussed, highlighting the potential of HEA electrocatalysts to drive next-generation, sustainable hydrogen production.