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Volume 69, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2056-5135
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  • oa Effectiveness Evaluation of Pyrometallurgy and Hydrometallurgy Methods in The Recycling Process of Neodymium-Iron-Boron Permanent Magnet and Rare Earth Metals Recovery: A Review

    Circular economy of critical raw materials

  • Authors: Lucky Darmawan1, Azwar Manaf2, Erik Prasetyo3, Fajar Nurjaman4, Anton Sapto Handoko4, Ulin Herliana4, Diah Sustanti5, Rikson Siburian6 and Fathan Bahfie7
  • Affiliations: 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Indonesia, F Building, Campus of UI, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia; Research Centre of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, South Lampung, Lampung 35361, Indonesia 2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Indonesia, F Building, Campus of UI, Depok, West Java, 16424, Indonesia 3 Research Centre of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, South Lampung, Lampung 35361, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kjemi 4, Gløshaugen, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway 4 Research Centre of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, South Lampung, Lampung 35361, Indonesia 5 Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Building MT 2nd Floor, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, East Java, 60111, Indonesia 6 Chemistry Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara; Carbon Research Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. T. Mansur No. 9, Padang Bulan Campus, Medan, North Sumatera, 20155, Indonesia 7 Research Centre of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, South Lampung, Lampung 35361, Indonesia
    *[email protected] §[email protected]
  • Source: Johnson Matthey Technology Review, Volume 69, Issue 2, Apr 2025, p. 214 - 232
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1595/205651325X17153497888451
    • Received: 01 Feb 2024
    • Accepted: 10 May 2024

Abstract

Neodymium-iron-boron is a rare earth element (REE)-based permanent magnet material. Its main magnetic phase is NdFeB and it has minor phase neodymium-rich or α-iron. The neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet has a remarkable maximum energy product ((BH)) reaching 474 kJ m−3 or nearly 60 mega-gauss-oersteds (MGOe), making neodymium-iron-boron magnets highly suitable for wide use in various technological applications. A commercial neodymium-iron-boron magnet contains 22–32 wt% of REEs such as neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and lanthanum. As a result of increasing demand for these materials, the availability of REE from natural resources are decreasing and several REEs such as neodymium, dysprosium and praseodymium are in the critical category. Recycling neodymium-iron-boron magnet waste to recover the REEs is one possible solution to provide raw materials for the permanent magnet industry while minimising electronic device waste. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical metal extraction processes are commonly used for REE recovery. These two methods are excellent for REE recovery and relatively easy to conduct, allowing pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods to be adopted on industrial scale to benefit the availability of raw materials for the neodymium-iron-boron magnet industry.

© 2025 Johnson Matthey
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Effectiveness Evaluation of Pyrometallurgy and Hydrometallurgy Methods in The Recycling Process of Neodymium-Iron-Boron Permanent Magnet and Rare Earth Metals Recovery: A Review
Johnson Matthey Technology Review 69, 214 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1595/205651325X17153497888451
/content/journals/10.1595/205651325X17153497888451
/content/journals/10.1595/205651325X17153497888451
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  • Article Type: Review Article
Keyword(s): circular economy; hydrometallurgy; magnetic waste; neodymium-iron-boron; pyrometallurgy; REE recovery

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