Skip to content
1887
Volume 67, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2056-5135

Abstract

In May 2019 four of the seven base units of the International System of Units (the SI) were redefined and are now founded on defined values of fundamental physical constants. One of these was the kelvin which is no longer defined by the triple point of water but instead through a fixed value of the Boltzmann constant. In this paper the kelvin redefinition is introduced and the implications for temperature traceability and practical temperature sensing discussed. This will include outlining new approaches for temperature traceability, as well as discussing the rise of in-process calibration through practical primary temperature sensing approaches (where, in principle, no sensor calibration is required). These forthcoming changes are likely to have significant impact on everyone in the temperature calibration chain, whilst the advent of in-process temperature calibration should lead to step change improvements in process control, energy efficiency and product quality consistency and will help facilitate autonomous production.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1595/205651323X16620342873795
2022-09-01
2024-12-21
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmtr/67/1/Machin_16a_Imp.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1595/205651323X16620342873795&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. I. M. Mills, P. J. Mohr, T. J. Quinn, B. N. Taylor, E. R. Williams, Metrologia, 2006, 43, (3), 227 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/006 [Google Scholar]
  2. P. J. Mohr, D. B. Newell, B. N. Taylor, E. Tiesinga, Metrologia, 2018, 55, (1), 125 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa99bc [Google Scholar]
  3. ‘Focus on the Boltzmann Constant’, Metrologia, 2015, 52, S213S385 LINK https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0026-1394/page/Focus_on_the_Boltzmann_Constant [Google Scholar]
  4. H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia, 1990, 27, (1), 3 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002 [Google Scholar]
  5. R. L. Rusby, M. Durieux, A. L. Reesink, R. P. Hudson, G. Schuster, M. Kühne, W. E. Fogle, R. J. Soulen, E. D. Adams, J. Low Temp. Phys., 2002, 126, (1/2), 633 LINK https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013791823354 [Google Scholar]
  6. B. Fellmuth, J. Fischer, G. Machin, S. Picard, P. P. M. Steur, O. Tamura, D. R. White, H. Yoon, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2016, 374, (2064), 20150037 LINK https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0037 [Google Scholar]
  7. Mise en Pratique for the Definition of the Kelvin in the SI’, in “SI Brochure: The International System of Units”, 9th Edn., Appendix 2, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sèvres, France, 20th May, 2019, 13 pp LINK https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41489682/SI-App2-kelvin.pdf/cd36cb68-3f00-05fd-339e-452df0b6215e?version=1.5&t=1637237805352&download=true [Google Scholar]
  8. “SI Brochure: The International System of Units”, 9th Edn., Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sèvres, France, 2019 LINK https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure [Google Scholar]
  9. M. R. Moldover, R. M. Gavioso, J. B. Mehl, L. Pitre, M. de Podesta, J. T. Zhang, Metrologia, 2014, 51, (1), R1 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/51/1/r1 [Google Scholar]
  10. C. Gaiser, T. Zandt, B. Fellmuth, Metrologia, 2015, 52, (5), S217 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/52/5/s217 [Google Scholar]
  11. J. Qu, S. P. Benz, K. Coakley, H. Rogalla, W. L. Tew, R. White, K. Zhou, Z. Zhou, Metrologia, 2017, 54, (4), 549 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa781e [Google Scholar]
  12. L. Gianfrani, Philos. Trans. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 2016, 374, (2064), 20150047 LINK https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0047 [Google Scholar]
  13. ‘Recommendation 1 of the 94th CIPM (2005): Preparative Steps Towards New Definitions of the Kilogram, the Ampere, the Kelvin and the Mole in Terms of Fundamental Constants’, Proceedings of the Sessions of the 94th Meeting, Sèvres, France, 4th–7th October, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sèvres, France, 2005, p. 233 LINK https://www.bipm.org/en/committees/ci/cipm/94-2005/resolution-1 [Google Scholar]
  14. D. H. Lowe, A. D. W. Todd, R. Van den Bossche, P. Bloembergen, K. Anhalt, M. Ballico, F. Bourson, S. Briaudeau, J. Campos, M. G. Cox, D. del Campo, M. R. Dury, V. Gavrilov, I. Grigoryeva, M. L. Hernanz, F. Jahan, B. Khlevnoy, V. Khromchenko, X. Lu, G. Machin, J. M. Mantilla, M. J. Martin, H. C. McEvoy, B. Rougié, M. Sadli, S. G. R. Salim, N. Sasajima, D. R. Taubert, E. van der Ham, T. Wang, D. Wei, A. Whittam, B. Wilthan, D. J. Woods, J. T. Woodward, E. R. Woolliams, Y. Yamada, Y. Yamaguchi, H. W. Yoon, Z. Yuan, Metrologia, 2017, 54, (3), 390 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa6eeb [Google Scholar]
  15. ‘General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories’, ISO/IEC 17025:2017, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017 LINK https://www.iso.org/standard/66912.html [Google Scholar]
  16. A. Peruzzi, R. L. Rusby, J. V. Pearce, L. Eusebio, J. Bojkovski, V. Žužek, Metrologia, 2021, 58, (3), 035009 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/abe8c1 [Google Scholar]
  17. J. Fischer, M. de Podesta, K. D. Hill, M. Moldover, L. Pitre, R. Rusby, P. Steur, O. Tamura, R. White, L. Wolber, Int. J. Thermophys., 2011, 32, (1–2), 12 LINK https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-011-0922-1 [Google Scholar]
  18. G. Machin, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2018, 29,(2), 022001 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa9ddb [Google Scholar]
  19. G. Machin, IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag., 2019, 22, (3), 17 LINK https://doi.org/10.1109/mim.2019.8716270 [Google Scholar]
  20. E. R. Woolliams, K. Anhalt, M. Ballico, P. Bloembergen, F. Bourson, S. Briaudeau, J. Campos, M. G. Cox, D. del Campo, W. Dong, M. R. Dury, V. Gavrilov, I. Grigoryeva, M. L. Hernanz, F. Jahan, B. Khlevnoy, V. Khromchenko, D. H. Lowe, X. Lu, G. Machin, J. M. Mantilla, M. J. Martin, H. C. McEvoy, B. Rougié, M. Sadli, S. G. R. Salim, N. Sasajima, D. R. Taubert, A. D. W. Todd, R. Van den Bossche, E. van der Ham, T. Wang, A. Whittam, B. Wilthan, D. J. Woods, J. T. Woodward, Y. Yamada, Y. Yamaguchi, H. W. Yoon, Z. Yuan, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2016, 374, (2064), 20150044 LINK https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0044 [Google Scholar]
  21. G. Machin, M. Sadli, J. Pearce, J. Engert, R. M. Gavioso, Measurement, 2022, 201, 111725 LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111725 [Google Scholar]
  22. G. Machin, P. Bloembergen, K. Anhalt, J. Hartmann, M. Sadli, P. Saunders, E. Woolliams, Y. Yamada, H. Yoon, Int. J. Thermophys., 2010, 31, (8–9), 1779 LINK https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-010-0834-5 [Google Scholar]
  23. J. Engert, B. Fellmuth, K. Jousten, Metrologia, 2007, 44, (1), 40 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/006 [Google Scholar]
  24. A. Shibahara, O. Hahtela, J. Engert, H. van der Vliet, L. V. Levitin, A. Casey, C. P. Lusher, J. Saunders, D. Drung, T. Schurig, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2016, 374, (2064), 20150054 LINK https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0054 [Google Scholar]
  25. A. Kirste, J. Engert, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2016, 374, (2064), 20150050 LINK https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0050 [Google Scholar]
  26. P. M. C. Rourke, C. Gaiser, B. Gao, D. M. Ripa, M. R. Moldover, L. Pitre, R. J. Underwood, Metrologia, 2019, 56, (3), 032001 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ab0dbe [Google Scholar]
  27. J. V. Pearce, O. Ongrai, G. Machin, S. J. Sweeney, Metrologia, 2010, 47, (1), L1 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/47/1/l01
  28. D. Tucker, A. Andreu, C. Elliott, T. Ford, M. Neagu, G. Machin, J. Pearce, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2018, 29, (10), 105002 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aad8a8
  29. J. V. Pearce, D. L. Tucker, R. I. Veltcheva, G. Machin, ‘New Paradigms in Traceable Process Control Thermometry’, 2022 UKACC 13th International Conference on Control (CONTROL), Plymouth, UK, 20th–22nd April, 2022, Instutite of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, USA, 2022, pp. 102107 LINK https://doi.org/10.1109/control55989.2022.9781362 [Google Scholar]
  30. J. V. Pearce, D. L. Tucker, R. I. Veltcheva, G. Machin, Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2023, 67, (1), 4 LINK https://technology.matthey.com/article/67/1/4-13 [Google Scholar]
  31. S. Dedyulin, Z. Ahmed, G. Machin, Meas. Sci. Technol., 2022, 33, (9), 092001 LINK https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac75b1 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1595/205651323X16620342873795
Loading
/content/journals/10.1595/205651323X16620342873795
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test